Metabolism Flashcards
(17 cards)
What causes insulin resistance?
Insulin resistance is when the cells don’t respond to insulin as well, causing the pancreas to make more insulin to maintain healthy blood glucose levels
Where is insulin released from
pancreatic beta cells
What does insulin do?
binds to insulin receptors and induces glucose uptake into the cells
What does increased glucose in the blood do to insulin production?
increase in glucose stimulated production of insulin
Estrogen increases or decreases subcutaneous adipose tissue beige-ing?
increase
What is the effect of ERa signaling on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
it enhances it
Does estrogen reduce or increase inflammation in adipocytes?
reduce inflammation
what are the effects of estrogen on food intake?
decreases food intake via the hypothalamus
How does estrogen affect energy expenditure?
increases energy expenditure
How does estrogen affect leptin sensitivity?
increases leptin sensitivity
How does estrogen affect insulin synthesis and secretion (pancreas)?
increases it
What is the effect of estrogen on mitochondrial activity?
increases mitochondrial activity
What is the effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity?
increases sensitivity
What is the effect of diabetes on cerebral blood flow?
Elderly people with T2 diabetes have reduced cerebral blood flo
What is the connection between obesity and diabetes?
visceral adiposity accelerates atherosclerosis
Why is chronic hyperglycemia damaging?
a. Proteins or lipids interact with sugars for extended periods of time to form AGEs
b. It produces advanced glycation end products
c. AGEs are associated with cognitive dysfunction and have been shown to accumulate in the brains of diabetic rats
d. AGEs can contribute to atherosclerosis
e. RAGE receptors become upregulated
f. Can form cross links with molecules in the basement membrane and alter cellular structure and increase vascular stiffness
g. Can induce monocyte migration across an endo monolayer
h. Activation of RAGE can increase leakiness of a monolayer (is this also true in the BBB?)
i. Reduce the bioavailability of NO
i. Potential mechanisms: reduce the half-life of eNOS, deactivation of eNOS, quenching of NO
j. In endothelial cells, AGEs bind to RAGE and this results in the production of ROS
What does ERalpha do in pancreatic beta cells?
ERα in pancreatic beta cells has been proposed to regulate insulin production in vivo, such that it has an anti-diabetic effect (Le May et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2010).
Consistent with these findings, αERKO mice show impaired glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance (Ribas et al., 2010).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4024050/pdf/nihms-580925.pdf
