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BIO1140 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions

A

Catabolic: All metabolic pathways that consume energy to syntesize complex molecules from simpler molecules. Anabolic: All metabolic pathways that consume energy to syntesize complex molecules from simpler molecules

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2
Q

What is metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of energy and what does each term mean

A

Kinetic energy: Energy associated with the relative motion of objects.

Chemical energy: Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction (= potential energy)

Thermal energy: Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules (=heat)

Potential energy: Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

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4
Q

What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics

A

The energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed -> Principle of conservation of energy.

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. > any chemical reaction is accompanied by the loss of unusable energy… heat

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5
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of plants

A

Energy source: light
Carbon Source: inorganic compound (CO2)

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6
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Photohetrotrophs

A

Energy Source: light
Carbon Source: organic compounds (glucose)

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7
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Chemoautotrophs

A

Energy Source: chemical compound
Carbon Source: inorganic compound (CO2)

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8
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Chemoheterotrophs

A

Energy Source: chemical compound
Carbon source: organic compounds (glucose)

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9
Q

how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next

A

90% is lost.

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10
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy

A

amount of energy available to do work in a system when the temperature and pressure are uniform

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11
Q

How to calculate Gibbs free energy?

A

Delta G = G final state - G initial state

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12
Q

What does exergonic mean

A

reaction releases energy (G < 0)

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13
Q

what does endergonic mean

A

reaction requires energy (G > 0)

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14
Q

When a reaction is exergonic, the reaction product has a ______ free energy level

A

lower

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15
Q

When a reaction is endergonic, the reaction product has a _____ free energy level than the substrate

A

higher

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16
Q

A spontaneous reaction is ____

A

exergonic

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17
Q

What is an open system

A

Living cells are never at equilibrium, they constantly acquire and transfer energy and material

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18
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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19
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

1 adenosine (nitrogenous base) + 1 ribose (sugar) + 3 phosphate groups

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20
Q

What is chemical work

A

enzymes can couple two reactions (endergonic and exogonic) to produce a Gibbs energy,

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21
Q

What is transport work

A

the hydrolysis of ATP can lead to the change in the shape of protein (activate). ATP can power the movement of molecules against their concentration gradients

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22
Q

What is mechanical work

A

The hydrolysis of ATP can lead to the change in the shape of a protein. It is preformed by an activated motor protein

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23
Q

How can ATP be regenerated

A

through the phosphorylation of ADP using substrate level phosphorylation

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24
Q

What is activation energy

A

the energy required to start a reaction and break the bonds

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25
Q

What do enzymes do to activation energy

A

lower it

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26
Q

What does an active site contain

A

specific amino acids that establish hydrogen and ionic bonds with the reactancts before it is transformed into products

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27
Q

what are 4 things the rate of the reaction depend on?

A
  1. the concentration of substrate
  2. the number of enzymes with free active site
  3. the temperature
  4. the pH
28
Q

What are the 6 categories of enzymes and what are their functions

A
  1. Oxidoreductase: transfers an e from one molecule (reductant) to another (oxidant
  2. Tranferase: transfers a functional group
  3. Hydrolase: uses water to break down a chemical bond
  4. Lyase: breaks a chemical bond (other than through hydrolysis)
  5. Ligase: joining large molecules
  6. Isomerase: converts a molecule from one isomer to another
29
Q

What is metabolic regulation

A

A cell can regulate its metabolism by switching on/off genes that encode specific enzymes and also by regulating enzymatic activity

30
Q

What is a cofactor

A

inorganic molecule that helps the enzymes catalytic function

31
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

organic molecule that helps the enzymes catalytic function

32
Q

What are two types of enzyme inhibition?

A

Competitive Inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition

33
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Resemble the normal substrate molecule and competed with it for the active site. It blocks substrates from entering active sites, decreasing rate of reaction

34
Q

What are non-competitive inhibitors

A

binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site. it changes its shape (conformation) and decreases the catalytic efficiency at active site

35
Q

What is allosteric regulation

A

regulate enzyme activity by binding to another site on the protein, causing them to alternate between active and inactive form.

36
Q

What does an allosteric activator do

A

stabilizes the active shape of the protein complex

37
Q

What does an allosteric inhibitor do

A

Stabilizes the inactive shape of the protein complex

38
Q

What is cooperativity

A

the binding to one subunit in an allosteric protein can increase the affinity of other subunits to that substrate.

39
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

The product that is produced by a metabolic pathway goes back and acts as a competitive inhibitor in order to regulate its own production (usually regulates first enzyme)

40
Q

How does ATP synthesis regulation work

A

higher ATP presence decreases affinity of enzyme, lower ATP presence increases affinity of enzyme: Catabolism

41
Q

tWhat is Reduction-Oxidation

A

energy tranferred from a reductant (electron donor) to an oxidant (electron acceptor)

42
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

oxidation of glucose into CO2 + reduction of O2 into H2O

43
Q

What is anaroebic respiration

A

uses final electron acceptors other than O2

44
Q

What is LEO says GER

A

LEO: lose an electron is oxidation
GER: gain an electron is reduction

45
Q

What is cellular respiration and how many ATP does it produce

A

Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecules to produce 32 ATP

46
Q

What are the 4 parts of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Oxidation of pyruvate, Citric acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

47
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol of cell

48
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle occur

A

mitochondria

49
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

mitochondria

50
Q

What is glycolysis and what does it produce

A

a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 pyruvate molecules. This produces 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP

51
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation and what does it produce

A

CO2 is removed. NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and coenzyme A binds. This produces 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH

52
Q

What is the citric acid cycle and what does it product

A

Coenzyme A is recycled. Produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2CO2, and 1 ATP

53
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation and what does it produce

A

Electron transport chain: creates a proton gradient which ATP synthase uses to convert ADP to ATP. Produces 28 ATP

54
Q

What is an isolated system?
What is an open system? List an example of open systems.

A
  • Isolated systems: are unable to exchange energy or matter to its surroundings. Reaches an equilibrium and cannot perform any work.
  • Open systems: Never at equilibrium, there is a constant flow of energy and material.
  • Cells constantly acquire and transfer energy and material, any metabolic reactions are coupled to allow the exvhange of energy between molecules in a specific direction.
55
Q

What is chemioosmosis

A

An energy coupling mechanism that uses potential energy (H+ concentraion gradient)
-> powers the synthesis of ATP (phoshporylation of ADP with Pi)
-> ATP synthase conversion into chemical energy

56
Q

Describe the flow of energy during cellular respiration

A

Glucose, NADH, Electron Transport Chain, Proton-motive force, ATP

57
Q

In the absense of oxygen, anaerobe organisms can do either ______ or _______

A

anaerobic respiration or fermentation

58
Q

How is anaerobic respiration different than aerobic

A

includes glycolysis and krebs cycle, but is less efficient. Also, ETC is very different as O2 is not the last electron acceptor

59
Q

What is fermentation

A

A process that enables glycolysis to continue to make ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) in the absence of O2

60
Q

How is fermentation different from cellular respiration

A

No oxidative phosphyrlation, No ETC, no krebs cycle

61
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. alcoholic (where the final e acceptor is acetaldehyde)
  2. lactic (where the final e acceptor is pyruvate)
62
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars to other organic compounds

63
Q

What does the light reaction of photosynthesis produce

A

ATP and NADPD

64
Q

WHat does the calvin cycle produce

A

produces carbohydrates using CO2

65
Q

After excitation by light, electrons have a natural tendency to move toward
the ______ possible state of ______

A

lowest, potential energy

66
Q

How are the citric acid cycle and calvin cycle different

A

Citric Acid Cycle:
-Catabolic
-Oxidizing acetyl CoA
-Using energy to synthesize ATP

Calvin Cycle:
-Anabolic
-Synthesizing carbohydrates
-Consuming ATP

BIO1140 (3 decks)

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