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BIO1140 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions

A

Catabolic: All metabolic pathways that consume energy to syntesize complex molecules from simpler molecules. Anabolic: All metabolic pathways that consume energy to syntesize complex molecules from simpler molecules

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2
Q

What is metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of energy and what does each term mean

A

Kinetic energy: Energy associated with the relative motion of objects.

Chemical energy: Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction (= potential energy)

Thermal energy: Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules (=heat)

Potential energy: Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

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4
Q

What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics

A

The energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed -> Principle of conservation of energy.

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. > any chemical reaction is accompanied by the loss of unusable energy… heat

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5
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of plants

A

Energy source: light
Carbon Source: inorganic compound (CO2)

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6
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Photohetrotrophs

A

Energy Source: light
Carbon Source: organic compounds (glucose)

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7
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Chemoautotrophs

A

Energy Source: chemical compound
Carbon Source: inorganic compound (CO2)

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8
Q

Describe nutritional requirements of Chemoheterotrophs

A

Energy Source: chemical compound
Carbon source: organic compounds (glucose)

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9
Q

how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next

A

90% is lost.

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10
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy

A

amount of energy available to do work in a system when the temperature and pressure are uniform

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11
Q

How to calculate Gibbs free energy?

A

Delta G = G final state - G initial state

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12
Q

What does exergonic mean

A

reaction releases energy (G < 0)

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13
Q

what does endergonic mean

A

reaction requires energy (G > 0)

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14
Q

When a reaction is exergonic, the reaction product has a ______ free energy level

A

lower

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15
Q

When a reaction is endergonic, the reaction product has a _____ free energy level than the substrate

A

higher

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16
Q

A spontaneous reaction is ____

A

exergonic

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17
Q

What is an open system

A

Living cells are never at equilibrium, they constantly acquire and transfer energy and material

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18
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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19
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

1 adenosine (nitrogenous base) + 1 ribose (sugar) + 3 phosphate groups

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20
Q

What is chemical work

A

enzymes can couple two reactions (endergonic and exogonic) to produce a Gibbs energy,

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21
Q

What is transport work

A

the hydrolysis of ATP can lead to the change in the shape of protein (activate). ATP can power the movement of molecules against their concentration gradients

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22
Q

What is mechanical work

A

The hydrolysis of ATP can lead to the change in the shape of a protein. It is preformed by an activated motor protein

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23
Q

How can ATP be regenerated

A

through the phosphorylation of ADP using substrate level phosphorylation

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24
Q

What is activation energy

A

the energy required to start a reaction and break the bonds

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25
What do enzymes do to activation energy
lower it
26
What does an active site contain
specific amino acids that establish hydrogen and ionic bonds with the reactancts before it is transformed into products
27
what are 4 things the rate of the reaction depend on?
1. the concentration of substrate 2. the number of enzymes with free active site 3. the temperature 4. the pH
28
What are the 6 categories of enzymes and what are their functions
1. Oxidoreductase: transfers an e from one molecule (reductant) to another (oxidant 2. Tranferase: transfers a functional group 3. Hydrolase: uses water to break down a chemical bond 4. Lyase: breaks a chemical bond (other than through hydrolysis) 5. Ligase: joining large molecules 6. Isomerase: converts a molecule from one isomer to another
29
What is metabolic regulation
A cell can regulate its metabolism by switching on/off genes that encode specific enzymes and also by regulating enzymatic activity
30
What is a cofactor
inorganic molecule that helps the enzymes catalytic function
31
What is a coenzyme
organic molecule that helps the enzymes catalytic function
32
What are two types of enzyme inhibition?
Competitive Inhibition Non-competitive inhibition
33
What is competitive inhibition?
Resemble the normal substrate molecule and competed with it for the active site. It blocks substrates from entering active sites, decreasing rate of reaction
34
What are non-competitive inhibitors
binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site. it changes its shape (conformation) and decreases the catalytic efficiency at active site
35
What is allosteric regulation
regulate enzyme activity by binding to another site on the protein, causing them to alternate between active and inactive form.
36
What does an allosteric activator do
stabilizes the active shape of the protein complex
37
What does an allosteric inhibitor do
Stabilizes the inactive shape of the protein complex
38
What is cooperativity
the binding to one subunit in an allosteric protein can increase the affinity of other subunits to that substrate.
39
What is feedback inhibition?
The product that is produced by a metabolic pathway goes back and acts as a competitive inhibitor in order to regulate its own production (usually regulates first enzyme)
40
How does ATP synthesis regulation work
higher ATP presence decreases affinity of enzyme, lower ATP presence increases affinity of enzyme: Catabolism
41
tWhat is Reduction-Oxidation
energy tranferred from a reductant (electron donor) to an oxidant (electron acceptor)
42
What is aerobic respiration
oxidation of glucose into CO2 + reduction of O2 into H2O
43
What is anaroebic respiration
uses final electron acceptors other than O2
44
What is LEO says GER
LEO: lose an electron is oxidation GER: gain an electron is reduction
45
What is cellular respiration and how many ATP does it produce
Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecules to produce 32 ATP
46
What are the 4 parts of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, Oxidation of pyruvate, Citric acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
47
Where does glycolysis occur
cytosol of cell
48
where does oxidative phosphorylation and citric acid cycle occur
mitochondria
49
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
mitochondria
50
What is glycolysis and what does it produce
a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 pyruvate molecules. This produces 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP
51
What is pyruvate oxidation and what does it produce
CO2 is removed. NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and coenzyme A binds. This produces 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH
52
What is the citric acid cycle and what does it product
Coenzyme A is recycled. Produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2CO2, and 1 ATP
53
What is oxidative phosphorylation and what does it produce
Electron transport chain: creates a proton gradient which ATP synthase uses to convert ADP to ATP. Produces 28 ATP
54
What is an isolated system? What is an open system? List an example of open systems.
- Isolated systems: are unable to exchange energy or matter to its surroundings. Reaches an equilibrium and cannot perform any work. - Open systems: Never at equilibrium, there is a constant flow of energy and material. - Cells constantly acquire and transfer energy and material, any metabolic reactions are coupled to allow the exvhange of energy between molecules in a specific direction.
55
What is chemioosmosis
An energy coupling mechanism that uses potential energy (H+ concentraion gradient) -> powers the synthesis of ATP (phoshporylation of ADP with Pi) -> ATP synthase conversion into chemical energy
56
Describe the flow of energy during cellular respiration
Glucose, NADH, Electron Transport Chain, Proton-motive force, ATP
57
In the absense of oxygen, anaerobe organisms can do either ______ or _______
anaerobic respiration or fermentation
58
How is anaerobic respiration different than aerobic
includes glycolysis and krebs cycle, but is less efficient. Also, ETC is very different as O2 is not the last electron acceptor
59
What is fermentation
A process that enables glycolysis to continue to make ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) in the absence of O2
60
How is fermentation different from cellular respiration
No oxidative phosphyrlation, No ETC, no krebs cycle
61
What are the two types of fermentation?
1. alcoholic (where the final e acceptor is acetaldehyde) 2. lactic (where the final e acceptor is pyruvate)
62
What is photosynthesis
conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars to other organic compounds
63
What does the light reaction of photosynthesis produce
ATP and NADPD
64
WHat does the calvin cycle produce
produces carbohydrates using CO2
65
After excitation by light, electrons have a natural tendency to move toward the ______ possible state of ______
lowest, potential energy
66
How are the citric acid cycle and calvin cycle different
Citric Acid Cycle: -Catabolic -Oxidizing acetyl CoA -Using energy to synthesize ATP Calvin Cycle: -Anabolic -Synthesizing carbohydrates -Consuming ATP

BIO1140 (3 decks)

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