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Human Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

___ is the sum of chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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2
Q

what are the 3 roles of metabolism?

A
  1. extract ATP from nutrients
  2. use the energy to do work
  3. store energy for future use
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3
Q

___ pathways synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones

A

anabolic

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4
Q

what pathway is dominant in the absorptive or fed state?

A

anabolic

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5
Q

___ pathways break larger molecules into smaller one s

A

catabolic

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6
Q

what pathway is dominant in the postabsorbative or fasted state?

A

catabolic

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7
Q

term for formation of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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8
Q

term for formation of lipids

A

lipogenesis

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9
Q

term for formation of newly synthesized glucose

A

guconeogenesis

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10
Q

term for breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

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11
Q

term for breakdown of lipids

A

lipolysis

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12
Q

what anabolic pathway is present in the postabsorbative state?

A

gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

what catabolic pathways are present in the postabsorbative state?

A

glycogenolysis, lipolysis

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14
Q

what anabolic pathways are present in the absorptive state?

A

glycogenesis, lipogenesis

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15
Q

what catabolic pathways are present in the absorptive state?

A

none

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16
Q

excess nutrients in the body are stored as ___ and ____

A

fat, glycogen

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17
Q

where in the body is glycogen stored?

A

liver, skeletal muscle

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18
Q

___ is a rapid source of energy in the body

A

glycogen

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19
Q

removing excess glucose from the plasma and storing it as glycogen helps do what?

A

lower plasma glucose in the absorptive state

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20
Q

is fat light or heavy?

A

light

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21
Q

____ energy is harder and slower to access

A

fat

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22
Q

what two things can make triglycerides?

A

glucose, excess amino acids

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23
Q

the formation of triglyceride from excess glucose helps do what?

A

lower plasma glucose in the absorptive state

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24
Q

what are the four locations of nutrients?

A

muscle, fat, liver, brain

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25
is glucose acidic or basic?
acidic
26
what hormone takes glucose out of plasma?
insulin
27
what is known as the liver production of glucose?
gluconeogenesis
28
what processes does insulin inhibit?
gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
29
what is the term for fat release from adipocytes?
lipolysis
30
what cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?
beta
31
what is the most potent stimulus for insulin release?
increased plasma glucose levels
32
what hormones feedforward for insulin release?
incretins
33
insulin inhibits the activity of what system?
sympathetic
34
insulin stimulates the activity of what system?
sympathetic
35
increase in either plasma insulin or ___ ___ can stimulate release of insulin
amino acids
36
long term exposure to elevated plasma fatty acids can result in ____
atherosclerosis
37
muscle needs ___ ___ to replace the protein lost in the absorptive state
amino acids
38
___ ____ are needed in the tissue for cellular growth and repair
amino acids
39
what is the direct effect of the binding of insulin on muscle and fat cells?
insertion of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane
40
insulin stimulates the activity of what enzyme in liver tissue?
hexokinase
41
____ is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose upon entry into the cell
hexokinase
42
because hexokinase phosphorylates glucose, there is a ___ ___ for glucose to move into the cell
concentration gradient
43
in this tissue, glucose is either stored as glycogen or oxidized for ATP
muscle
44
in this tissue, glucose is either stored as glycogen or converted to triglyceride
liver
45
is triglyceride stored in the liver long term?
no
46
in this tissue, glucose is either oxidized for ATP or converted to triglyceride
fat
47
in this tissue, glucose is only oxidized for ATP
brain
48
where do triglycerides go after being made in the liver?
bloodstream to fat cells
49
in what three tissues do amino acids build new protein?
muscle, fat, brain
50
triglycerides made in the liver are exported to adipose tissue in what form?
very low density lipoprotein
51
in what two tissues does the conversion of glucose to fatty acids occur?
liver, fat
52
what are the intermediates in the conversion of glucose to fatty acids?
glycerol, 3 fatty acids
53
what occurs to make an amino acid a keto acid?
deamination
54
what is the byproduct of converting an amino acid into a keto acid?
NH3 (ammonia, toxic)
55
what is ammonia converted to in the liver to make it non-toxic?
urea
56
what does the keto acid get converted into?
glucose
57
long term storage of triglycerides come in what two forms?
chylomicrons, VLDLs
58
VLDLs and chylomicrons are balls of fat covered in what?
phospholipids
59
is a phospholipid a mono or bilayer?
mono
60
____ are the fats that come from the small intestine and carry fats that originated in the diet
CMs
61
___ fats deposit their triglycerides in the adipose tissue
CM
62
___ fats are taken up by the liver and their remaining triglyceride is repackaged in a VLDL
CM
63
____ fats are synthesized by the liver and contain triglyceride that was made from excess AA and glucose and triglyceride found in a CM remnant
VLDL
64
___ fats contain newly synthesized triglyceride and dietary triglycerides
VLDL
65
____ fats leave the liver and deposit their triglycerides in the adipose tissue for long term storage
VLDL
66
the ____ ___ is disassembled in the liver and cholesterol released from it turns into the VLDL
chylomicron remnant
67
type 1 diabetes is due to ___ ____
insulin deficiency
68
_______ is an autoimmune disease that destroys B cells
type 1 diabetes
69
type 2 diabetes is due to development of _____ _____
insulin resistance
70
if there is low glucose in the blood, it all goes to what tissue?
brain
71
can the brain run on ketone bodies?
yes
72
___ ___ is the switch that tissues make to oxidizing alternative fuel sources to make ATP so that only the brain is using glucose
glucose sparing
73
muscle and fat rely on __ ____ oxidization during glucose sparing
fatty acids
74
liver relies on ___ ____ oxidization during glucose sparing
amino acids
75
what two processes are stimulated by glucagon?
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
76
glucagon stimulates ___ breakdown
muscle
77
glucagon stimulates ___ ___ release from fat tissue
fatty acid
78
what pancreas cells produce glucagon?
alpha
79
what is the major stimulator for glucagon release?
decrease in plasma glucose
80
is insulin needed during glucose sparing?
no
81
when glucose is low, fat tissues release ___ ___ and ____ into the plasma from triglyceride breakdown
fatty acids, glycerol
82
fatty acids in the liver are converted into __ ____ instead of ATP
ketone bodies
83
why does the liver produce ketone bodies instead of ATP from fatty acid oxidization?
liver has low levels of oxaloacetate
84
adipose tissue and muscle do not have access to glucose unless ___ is around
insulin
85
does elevated blood glucose cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
vasoconstriction

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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