METABOLISM

Question 1

sum total of all the reactions that take place in a living cell.

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

reactions are arranged into

Answer 2

pathways

Question 3

two reactions are connected through a common intermediate

Answer 3

coupled

Question 4

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones in a process that usually releases energy

Answer 4

catabolism

Question 5

larger molecules are made from small ones in a process the usually requires energy

Answer 5

anabolism

Question 6

used to shuttle chemical energy from catabolism to anabolism.

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

synthesis of glucose from pyruvate

Answer 7

gluconeogenesis

Question 8

Supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth

Answer 8

nutrients

Question 9

Required by all cells

Answer 9

carbon

Question 10

Key element in proteins, nucleic acids, and many more cell constituents

Answer 10

nitrogen

Question 11

other macronutrients

Answer 11

magnesium
calcium
sodium
phosphorus
sulfur
potassium

Question 12

Key component of cytochromes and FeS proteins involved in electron transport

Answer 12

iron

Question 13

Nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in the laboratory

Answer 13

culture media

Question 14

precise chemical composition is known

Answer 14

defined media

Question 15

composed of digests of chemically undefined substances (e.g., yeast and meat extracts)

Answer 15

complex media

Question 16

Contains compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some microbes but not others

Answer 16

selective media

Question 17

Contains an indicator, usually a dye, that detects particular chemical reactions occurring during growth

Answer 17

differential media

Question 18

the substance oxidized in a redox reaction

Answer 18

electron donor

Question 19

the substance reduced in a redox reaction

Answer 19

electron acceptor

Question 20

substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate

Answer 20

fermentation

Question 21

oxidative phosphorylation; ATP produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons

Answer 21

respiration

Question 22

a common pathway for catabolism of glucose

Answer 22

glycolysis (embden-meyerhof pathway)

Question 23

proteins bound to inside surface of cytoplasmic membrane; active site binds NADH and accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons that are passed to flavoproteins

Answer 23

NADH dehydrogenases

Question 24

contains flavin prosthetic group (e.g., FMN, FAD) that accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons but only donates the electrons to the next protein in the chain

Answer 24

flavoproteins

Question 25

Proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups

Answer 25

cytochromes

Question 26

Hydrophobic non-protein-containing molecules that participate in electron transport

Answer 26

quinones

Question 27

generation of pH gradient and an electrochemical potential across the membrane

Answer 27

proton motive force

Question 28

complex that converts proton motive force into ATP

Answer 28

ATPase

Question 29

two components of ATPase

Answer 29

F1 and F0

Question 30

pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2

Answer 30

citric acid cycle

Question 31

necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis

Answer 31

Acetyl-CoA

Question 32

required for synthesis of cytochromes, chlorophyll, and other tetrapyrrole compounds

Answer 32

Succinyl-CoA

Question 33

precursors of several amino acids

Answer 33

a-Ketoglutarate and oxalacetate

Question 34

The use of electron acceptors other than oxygen

Answer 34

anaerobic respiration

Question 35

Uses inorganic chemicals as electron donors

Answer 35

chemolithotrophy

Question 36

uses light as energy source

Answer 36

phototropy

Question 37

light-mediated ATP synthesis

Answer 37

photophosphorylation

Question 38

use ATP for assimilation of CO2 for biosynthesis

Answer 38

photoautotrophs

Question 39

use ATP for assimilation of organic carbon for biosynthesis

Answer 39

photoheterotrophs