Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ESA1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Moderate physical activity daily expenditure of a 58 kg adult female

A

9500kJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Moderate physical activity daily expenditure of a 70kg adult male

A

12000kJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of daily expenditure

A

Basal Metabolic Rate
Voluntary physical exercise
Diet-induced thermogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Use of fats

A

Absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Energy source after carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acids

Linolenic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are essential fatty acids used for?

A

Structural component of cells membranes

Precursors of important regulatory molecules (eicosanoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Use of proteins

A

Amino acids, product of digestion of protein
Used in synthesis of essential N-containing compounds
E.g. Creatine, nucleotides, haem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Excretion of proteins

A

Degraded and excreted in urine as urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesised in body

Come from dietary protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are carbohydrates essential to diet?

A

Major energy-containing component of diet

17kJ/g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much of the adult body weight is water?

A

50-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fibre essential to diet?

A

Non-digestible plant material for normal bowel function

E.g. Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Minerals and vitamins in diet

A

Either water-soluble or lipid-soluble

Deficiency disease associated with the absence/excess of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clinical signs of starvation

A

Cold and weakness
-> loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting
Infections of GI tract and lungs are common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause of marasmus

A

Protein-energy malnutrition

Common in children under 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of kwashiorkor

A

Young child displaced from breastfeeding

Fed diet with some carbohydrate but very low protein content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical signs of marasmus

A 
Emaciated look 
Obvious signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat (no Oedema signs) 
Hair is thin and dry
Diarrhoea common
Anaemia may be present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical signs of kwashiorkor

A 
Apathetic
Lethargic
Anorexic (loss of apetite)
Distended abdomen
Oedema
Anaemia is common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do kwashiorkor sufferers have a distended abdomen?

A

Hepatomegaly

Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a hepatomegaly?

A

Enlarged liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does generalised oedema occur in kwashiorkor?

A

Due to low serum albumin (osmotic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Calculate BMI

A

Height^2 (m^2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Underweight BMI

24
Desirable BMI
18.5-24.9
25
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
26
Obese BMI
30-34.9
27
Severely obese BMI
>35
28
Define obesity
Excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health BMI greater than 30 Leading to reduced life expectancy/ increased health problems
29
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment Dynamic equilibrium Homeostatic mechanisms act to counteract changes in the internal environment
30
What are the two main communication pathways?
``` Nervous system Endocrine system (hormones) ```
31
What is paracrine control?
Local release (via ducts/ exocrine) and action
32
What is autocrine control?
Agents released by a cell which affects the releasing cell
33
Branches of peripheral nervous system
``` Afferent branch (sensory input) Efferent branch (motor output) ```
34
What does the control centre do?
Establishes the reference set point Analyses the afferent input Determines the appropriate response
35
Examples of control centres in the brain
Hypothalamus in diencephalon | Medulla oblongata in brain stem
36
Role of hypothalamus
Control of endocrine system
37
Role of medulla oblongata
Control of ventilation and the cardiovascular system
38
Role of receptors
Detect stimuli E.g. Changes in internal environment Specialised nerve endings E.g. Chemo/thermoreceptors
39
Sensors from receptors to control centre
Communicate input via afferent nerves
40
Role of effector
Causes change Control centre produces an output Communicated via efferent pathways to effectors E.g. Sweat glands activated to produce more sweat causing heat loss
41
Biological rhythm of cortisol
Peak at 7am to 7pm | Circadian rhythm
42
Low blood cortisol
Hypo activity of adrenal cortex | Addisons's disease
43
High blood cortisol
Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex | Cushing's syndrome
44
Marker for ovulation
Sudden increase in core body temperature
45
Define cell metabolism
Highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells
46
Cells metabolise nutrients to provide
Energy for cell function (and synthesis of cell components (ATP)) Building block molecules (synthesis of cell components for growth, maintenance, repair, division of cell) Organic precursor molecules (eg acetyl CoA, intercom version of building block molecules) Biosynthetic reducing power (used in the synthesis of cell components NADPH)
47
Cell nutrients in blood comes from
Diet Synthesis in body tissues from precursors Released from storage in body tissue
48
What happens to cell nutrients?
Degradation to release energy in all tissues Synthesis of cell components in all tissues except RBC Storage in liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
49
Define catabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
50
Define anabolism
Smaller molecules built up into larger ones
51
Catabolic pathways
Large -> small Oxidative - release H+ (reducing power) Release large amounts of free energy (some conserved as ATP) Produces intermediary metabolites
52
Anabolic pathways
Small -> large Reductive - use H+ ions Use intermediary metabolites and energy (ATP) produced by catabolism to drive the synthesis of important cell components
53
What is exergonic?
Energy releasing (Gibbs Free Energy -ve)
54
Energy release from phosphorylated compounds
Have high energy of hydrolysis | Phosphate phosphate bond is high energy bond
55
Creating phosphate in muscle
Muscle needs to increase metabolic activity very quickly | Need a reserve of high energy stores that can be used immediately
56
Reaction catalysed by creatine kinase in muscle
Creatine + ATP Creatine Phosphate + ADP High ATP forward reaction is favoured
57
What happens in oxidative reactions?
Electrons are removed | Removal of hydrogen atoms

ESA1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions