Metabolism

Question 1

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland?

A. Regulates blood glucose levels
B. Controls metabolic rate
C. Stimulates immune function
D. Produces growth hormone

Answer 1

Answer: B
Rationale: The thyroid gland controls the rate at which the body produces energy from nutrients by secreting thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)​

Question 2

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Insulin

Answer 2

Answer: C
Rationale: The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine​

Question 3

Which of the following is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

A. Bradycardia
B. Weight gain
C. Constipation
D. Tachycardia

Answer 3

Answer: D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism speeds up metabolism, leading to an increased heart rate (tachycardia

Question 4

Which condition is associated with insufficient secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex?

A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 4

Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease is caused by inadequate secretion of corticosteroids, leading to symptoms such as weakness and weight loss​

Question 5

Which hormone plays a role in blood calcium regulation by increasing calcium resorption from the bones?

A. Calcitonin
B. Insulin
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Epinephrine

Answer 5

Answer: C
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by increasing calcium release from the bones into the blood​

Question 6

True or False: The pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin.

Answer 6

Answer: True
Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles

Question 7

True or False: Type II diabetes mellitus is commonly caused by the immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Answer 7

Answer: False
Rationale: Type I diabetes mellitus is associated with immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Type II is usually due to insulin resistance and lifestyle factors​

Question 8

True or False: Cushing’s syndrome results from prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids.

Answer 8

Answer: True
Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by high levels of cortisol due to excessive corticosteroid exposure

Question 9

True or False: Hypothyroidism can lead to decreased heart rate, temperature, and memory loss.

Answer 9

Answer: True
Rationale: Hypothyroidism slows down metabolism, leading to decreased heart rate, lower body temperature, and memory problems​

Question 10

Select all that apply: Which of the following are risk factors for hyperthyroidism?

A. Female gender
B. Smoking
C. Iodine deficiency
D. Age 20-40 years
E. Advanced age

Answer 10

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is more common in women, smokers, and individuals aged 20-40 years

Question 11

True or False: Insulin is a lipid-soluble hormone that freely circulates in the blood.

Answer 11

Answer: False
Rationale: Insulin is a water-soluble hormone, which circulates freely in the blood

Question 12

Select all that apply: Which of the following are common risk factors for impaired hormonal regulation?

A. Obesity
B. Autoimmune conditions
C. Stress
D. Gender
E. Cancer treatment

Answer 12

Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: Obesity, autoimmune conditions, stress, and cancer treatment are risk factors for hormonal imbalances​

Question 12

Select all that apply: Which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Somatostatin
D. Cortisol
E. Amylin

Answer 12

Answer: A, B, C, E
Rationale: The pancreas produces glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and amylin. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex​

Question 13

Select all that apply: What are some classic symptoms of Type II diabetes mellitus?

A. Polyuria
B. Weight gain
C. Polydipsia
D. Polyphagia
E. Constipation

Answer 13

Answer: A, C, D
Rationale: Type II diabetes is characterized by increased urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and excessive hunger (polyphagia)​

Question 14

Select all that apply: What are some consequences of impaired hormonal regulation?

A. Alterations in cognition
B. Changes in reproductive function
C. Hypertension
D. Alterations in growth
E. Mood stabilization

Answer 14

Answer: A, B, D
Rationale: Impaired hormonal regulation can lead to altered cognition, changes in reproductive function, and abnormal growth

Question 15

Which test is used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome?

A. Fasting blood glucose
B. Dexamethasone suppression test
C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D. Serum calcium

Answer 15

Answer: B
Rationale: The dexamethasone suppression test is used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome

Question 16

Which hormone is necessary for regulating sodium and potassium levels by acting on the kidneys?

A. Glucagon
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Oxytocin

Answer 16

Answer: B
Rationale: Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels through its action on the kidneys

Question 17

Which hormone is necessary for the conversion of vitamin D to its active form (D3)?

A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. Calcitonin
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon

Answer 17

Answer: A
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a role in converting vitamin D to its active form

Question 18

Which condition is characterized by truncal obesity, purple striae, and easy bruising?

A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Type II diabetes mellitus

Answer 18

Answer: B
Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome presents with symptoms like truncal obesity, purple striae, and easy bruising due to excess corticosteroids

Question 19

What is a common risk factor for Addison’s disease?

A. Obesity
B. Autoimmune response
C. Thyroid atrophy
D. Pituitary adenoma

Answer 19

Answer: B
Rationale: Addison’s disease often results from an autoimmune response, where the body attacks the adrenal glands

Question 20

Which diagnostic test is used to assess the function of the adrenal cortex in Addison’s disease?

A. Cortisol level test
B. Fasting blood glucose
C. TSH
D. Dexamethasone suppression test

Answer 20

Answer: A
Rationale: Cortisol levels are measured to assess adrenal cortex function in Addison’s disease

Question 21

Which of the following is a primary function of insulin?

A. Decreases blood glucose by promoting its uptake into cells
B. Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown
C. Increases calcium absorption
D. Stimulates melatonin production

Answer 21

Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting its uptake into cells

Question 22

Which hormone is required for euglycemia, or properly regulated blood glucose levels?

A. Parathyroid hormone
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Thyroxine

Answer 22

Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin is crucial in maintaining euglycemia by facilitating glucose uptake

Question 23

What electrolyte imbalance is associated with hypoparathyroidism?

A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypernatremia

Answer 23

Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, as the body’s calcium regulation is disrupted

Question 24

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary? A. Oxytocin B. Growth hormone C. Cortisol D. Epinephrine

Answer 24

Answer: B Rationale: The anterior pituitary produces growth hormone, which stimulates growth and development

Question 25

True or False: A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for Type I diabetes.

Answer 25

Answer: False Rationale: A sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for Type II diabetes, not Type I, which is caused by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing cells

Question 26

True or False: Calcitonin is secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high to lower calcium levels.

Answer 26

Answer: True Rationale: Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland to lower calcium levels when they are elevated

Question 27

True or False: Patients with Addison’s disease are at risk for developing hyperpigmentation of the skin.

Answer 27

Answer: True Rationale: Hyperpigmentation, especially in sun-exposed areas, is a hallmark of Addison’s disease

Question 28

True or False: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL.

Answer 28

Answer: False Rationale: Hyperglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level above 100 mg/dL in the fasting state

Question 29

True or False: Gigantism is caused by excess growth hormone secretion in children.

Answer 29

Answer: True Rationale: Gigantism results from excessive secretion of growth hormone in children before the growth plates close

Question 30

Select all that apply: What are some common clinical signs of Addison’s disease? A. Hypertension B. Progressive weakness C. Anorexia D. Weight gain E. Hyperpigmentation

Answer 30

Answer: B, C, E Rationale: Addison’s disease commonly presents with progressive weakness, anorexia, and hyperpigmentation

Question 30

Select all that apply: What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism? A. Weight loss B. Bradycardia C. Constipation D. Heat intolerance E. Fatigue

Answer 30

Answer: B, C, E Rationale: Hypothyroidism slows down metabolic processes, leading to symptoms like bradycardia, constipation, and fatigue

Question 31

Select all that apply: Which are key hormones involved in glucose regulation? A. Glucagon B. Aldosterone C. Insulin D. Parathyroid hormone E. Cortisol

Answer 31

Answer: A, C, E Rationale: Glucagon, insulin, and cortisol all play roles in regulating blood glucose levels

Question 31

Select all that apply: Which factors can trigger the release of hormones from endocrine glands? A. Fear B. Pain C. Hypothermia D. Trauma E. Genetic predisposition

Answer 31

Answer: A, B, D Rationale: Fear, pain, and trauma can stimulate the nervous system to control hormone secretion

Question 32

Select all that apply: Which glands secrete water-soluble hormones? A. Pancreas B. Thyroid C. Adrenal cortex D. Pituitary E. Pineal gland

Answer 32

Answer: A, D, E Rationale: The pancreas, pituitary, and pineal glands secrete water-soluble hormones that circulate freely in the blood

Question 33

Which hormone is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms? A. Insulin B. Melatonin C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin

Answer 33

Answer: B Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms

Question 34

Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by aldosterone? A. Potassium B. Calcium C. Sodium D. Magnesium

Answer 34

Answer: C Rationale: Aldosterone primarily regulates sodium levels by promoting its reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 35

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A. Lower blood calcium levels B. Stimulate glucose uptake C. Increase blood calcium levels D. Stimulate insulin release

Answer 35

Answer: C Rationale: PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium resorption from bones and decreasing calcium excretion in the kidneys

Question 36

Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults, leading to enlarged bones in the hands, feet, and face? A. Dwarfism B. Acromegaly C. Gigantism D. Hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

Answer: B Rationale: Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults after the growth plates have closed

Question 37

Which gland secretes hormones that play a key role in immune function, particularly in childhood? A. Adrenal cortex B. Pineal gland C. Thymus D. Thyroid gland

Answer 37

Answer: C Rationale: The thymus gland is involved in immune function, particularly in childhood, by helping to develop T-cells

Question 38

Select all that apply: What are the diagnostic criteria for Type II diabetes mellitus? A. A1C ≥ 6.5% B. Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms C. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL D. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL E. Two-hour postprandial glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL

Answer 38

Answer: A, B, D Rationale: Diagnostic criteria for Type II diabetes include A1C ≥ 6.5%, random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms, and fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL

Question 39

Select all that apply: Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex? A. Glucocorticoids B. Mineralocorticoids C. Catecholamines D. Androgens E. Insulin

Answer 39

Answer: A, B, D Rationale: The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

Question 39

Select all that apply: Which are common risk factors for hormonal imbalances? A. Chronic medical conditions B. Sedentary lifestyle C. Stress D. Family history E. Trauma

Answer 39

Answer: A, B, C, D, E Rationale: Hormonal imbalances can be influenced by chronic medical conditions, lifestyle factors, stress, family history, and trauma

Question 40

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Cushing’s syndrome? A. Hypotension B. Muscle weakness C. Hyperpigmentation D. Hypoglycemia

Answer 40

Answer: B Rationale: Cushing’s syndrome is associated with symptoms such as muscle weakness due to protein catabolism

Question 41

Which of the following is a sign of hypoglycemia? A. Blood glucose > 200 mg/dL B. Tremors and sweating C. Dry mouth D. Hyperthermia

Answer 41

Answer: B Rationale: Tremors and sweating are signs of hypoglycemia, typically when blood glucose levels drop below 70 mg/dL

Question 42

Which gland is referred to as the “master gland” of the endocrine system? A. Thyroid gland B. Pituitary gland C. Adrenal cortex D. Parathyroid gland

Answer 42

Answer: B Rationale: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates the function of many other endocrine glands

Question 43

Which condition is commonly seen with excessive catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla? A. Addison’s disease B. Pheochromocytoma C. Acromegaly D. Diabetes mellitus

Answer 43

Answer: B Rationale: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla, leading to excessive catecholamine release

Question 44

Which of the following is a primary symptom of hyperparathyroidism? A. Hypocalcemia B. Hypercalcemia C. Hypokalemia D. Hyponatremia

Answer 44

Answer: B Rationale: Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcemia due to increased calcium resorption from the bones

Question 45

What condition results from the insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Diabetes insipidus C. Addison’s disease D. Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 45

Answer: B Rationale: Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency in ADH, leading to excessive water loss through urine

Question 46

Which gland secretes glucocorticoids that are essential for stress response and metabolism regulation? A. Pituitary gland B. Adrenal cortex C. Thyroid gland D. Pancreas

Answer 46

Answer: B Rationale: The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol, which are important for metabolism and the stress response