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Microbiology Unit 1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which two fundamental tasks must cells accomplish in order to grow?

A
  1. Synthesize new components
    ~ Need carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.
  2. Harvest energy
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis and energy-harvesting

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3
Q

What are the 3 central metabolic pathways?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pentose phosphate pathway
  3. Tricarboxcylic acid cycle
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4
Q

What are the 3 things that central pathways provide?

A
  1. Energy in the form of ATP
  2. Reducing power (electrons bound to carriers)
  3. Precursor metabolites
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5
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The oxidizing of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate

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6
Q

Which 3 tasks does the Pentose phosphate pathway accomplish?

A
  1. Breaks down glucose
  2. Produces molecules for biosynthesis
  3. Works in conjunction with glucose degrading pathways
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7
Q

How many times does the TCA cycle turn for each molecule of Glucose that enters glycolysis?

A

Twice

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8
Q

When does pyruvate enter a transition step?

A

Between glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

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9
Q

What are the 3 electron carriers used in respiration?

A
  1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - NAD+
  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide - FAD+
  3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - NADP+
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10
Q

When are Electron carriers reduced?

A

when they pick up electrons

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11
Q

Reduced electron carriers bonds contain a form of what?

A

Usable energy

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12
Q

What does NAD+ carry?

A

2 electrons and a proton

NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ ↔ NADH + H+

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13
Q

What does FAD+ carry?

A

2 electrons and 2 protons

FAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ ↔ FADH2

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14
Q

What does NADP+ carry?

A

2 electrons and a proton

NADP+ + 2e- + 2H+ ↔ NADPH + H+

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15
Q

If glucose was oxidized all at once, what would be the form of the released energy?

A

Heat and light

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16
Q

Why are electrons passed from carrier to carrier through the Electrom Transport Chain?

A

To release the energy gradually, so that energy can be used to make ATP.

17
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

A group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that accept electrons and pump protons across (cytoplasmic) membrane.

18
Q

How is a proton motive force created?

A

Some carriers accept electrons only and some accept electrons and protons, so protons are effectively pumped out of the membrane, creating a concentration gradient.

19
Q

How does a cell utilize proton motive force?

A

to synthesize ATP, actively transport substances, or rotate a flagella

20
Q

What is the “Final Destination” of the electrons in aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen– making water

21
Q

Waht are the end products of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic acid
    ~ if pyruvate itself serves as the final destination of the electrons
  2. Other acids or alcohols
    ~ if pyruvate is first converted to another chemical
    ~ ex. propionic acid and CO2
    ~ ex. Ethyl alcohol and CO2
22
Q

What can the end products of fermentation be used for in the lab?

A

identification of microorganisms

23
Q

Name 3 anaerobic terminal electron acceptors.

A
  1. nitrate (NO2-)
  2. from glucose to sulfate
    ~ sulfate reducers (Obligate anaerobes)
  3. from hydrogen gas to carbon dioxide
    ~ methanogens
24
Q

Which releases more energy: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic

25
Q

What does anaerobic respiration use as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

An inorganic chemical other than oxygen

26
Q

What does aerobic respiration use as the terminal electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

27
Q

What does fermentation use as the terminal electron acceptor?

A

An organic compound

28
Q

What do Photosynthetic organisms harvest energy from?

A

Sunlight

29
Q

What are “light capturing pigments”?

A

Chlorophyll or similar molecules

30
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Electrons are stripped from water
  2. Added to chlorophyll
  3. Raised in energy by light energy
    ~ Redox reaction is thus oxidation of (excited) chlorophyll and reduction of chlorophyll.
31
Q

What is the production of Oxygen in photosynthesis called?

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

32
Q

Where do electrons come from in anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, or organic compounds

33
Q

Can photosynthesis electrons generate a proton motive force similar to how the electron transport chain does?

A

Yes.

34
Q

Which color of bacteria are Anoxygenic Phototrophs, and where do they live?

A

Purple and Green bacteria often inhabit bogs and upper layers of mud

35
Q

What is the earliest Oxygenic Phototrophs and where do they live?

A

Cyanobacteria thought to be earliest, and they inhabit a wide range of environments (aquatic to terrestrial)

36
Q

What is the most common pathway of carbon fixation?

A

The Calvin Cycle

37
Q

How is carbon dioxide converted to organic carbon? How much energy does it consume?

A

Through carbon fixation, which consumes a great deal of energy

Microbiology Unit 1 (11 decks)

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