Metabolism Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Most abundant substance in GAGs
A
Chondroitin sulfate
2
Q
Maltose
A
glucose x2
3
Q
Lactose
A
glucose + galactose
4
Q
Sucrose
A
glucose + fructose
5
Q
GLUT 1
A
RBCs
blood-brain barrier
6
Q
GLUT 2
A
liver and pancreatic cells
7
Q
GLUT 3
A
neurons
8
Q
GLUT 5
A
fructose transport in intestine and testis
9
Q
GLUT 4
A
muscle and adipose tissue, regulated by insulin
10
Q
purines
A
adenine
guanine
11
Q
pyriidine
A
cytosine
uracil
thymine
12
Q
termination codons
A
UGA
UAG
UAA
13
Q
rRNA
A
structure on which proteins are assembled
most abundant
14
Q
tRNA
A
carry aa to ribosomes
15
Q
mRNA
A
protein synth template
least abundant
16
Q
Non-essential amino acids
A
All "A" All "G" serine proline tyrosine
17
Q
What are non essential a.a. derived from?
A
glucose
18
Q
what a. a. has H has its R group?
A
glycine
19
Q
a.a. in bile salts
A
glycine
taurine
20
Q
a.a. in histones
A
arginine
lysine
21
Q
phosphorylated a.a.
A
Serine, threonine, and tyrosine
22
Q
glycosylated a.a.
A
Serine, threonine, and asparagin
23
Q
hydroxylated a.a
A
proline
lysine
24
Q
a.a. with ring structure
A
proline
25
tryptophan can synthesize
serotonin
26
tyrosine can synthesize
thyroid hormones
adrenal hormones
dopamine
melanin
27
phenylalanine can synthesize
tyrosine
28
where does FA synthesis occur?
cytosol of liver
29
where does FA catabolism occur
mitochondira
30
causes of metabolic acidosis
Ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, chronic renal failure, salicylate intoxication
31
causes of metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting, hyperaldosteronism, diuretics (loop or thiazide)
32
causes of respiratory acidosis
Opiates, sedatives, anesthetics, COPD
33
causes of respiratory alkalyosis
Pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, high altitude, psychogenic, salicylate intoxication
34
competitive inhibitor
Km inc
| no change Vmax
35
non competitive inhibitor
no change Km
| dec Vmax
36
Major form of iron storage in the body?
ferritin
37
What enzyme traps glucose in the cell?
hexokinase
38
what enzyme splits glucose into 2 carbon molecules?
aldolase
39
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
40
where does pyruvate oxidation take place
mito matrix
41
where does Krebs cycle take place
mito matrix
42
where does ETC take place
inner mito membrane
43
where is carbonic anhydrase mainly found and what co-enzyme does it use?
in RBC and kidneys
| uses zinc
44
What coenzyme is in ctyochrome oxidase?
Copper
45
Magnesium is the the co-enzyme for what metabolic substances?
Hexokinase
G-6-P
PK
46
What enzyme does aspirin inhibit?
Cyclooxyrgenase by acetylating serine
47
What enzymes cause phosphorylation?
kinases
48
What enzymes cause dephospho rylation?
phosphatases
49
T/F sucrose is a reducing sugar
False - it is a non-reducing sugar
50
What type of bonds does isomaltase cleave?
alpha 1-6
51
What type of bonds does alpha-amylase cleave?
alpha 1-4 internal linkages
52
What type of bonds does beta-amylase cleave?
alpha 1-4 linkages
| at non-reducing ends
53
What type of bonds does gamma amylase (glucamylase) cleave?
alpha 1-4
| alpha 1-6
54
A deficiency in G-6-P causes what disease?
von Gierke's disease (autosomal recessive)
55
What are GAGs made up of?
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylgalactosamine
uronic acid
56
What GAG is mainly found in basement membranes?
heparan sulface
57
what GAG is found in mast cells?
Heparin
58
Cellulose have what type of bonds?
beta 1-4
59
Chitin has what type of bonds?
Beta 1-4
60
PNS/SNS control what type of secretions?
PNS: serous
SNS: mucous
61
Which is the most restricted amino acid?
proline
62
What amino acids have disulfide bonds?
cystine (thiol groups)
63
Which amino acids are ketogenic (produce acetyl-CoA)?
leucine
| lysine
64
What do NE/Epi cause?
vasoconstriction
| bronchiodilation
65
What does Histamine cause?
vasodilation
| bronchoconstriction
66
Where is Histamine derived from?
R-5-P (Histidine)
67
H1 vs H2 receptors
H1: type I hypersensitivity
H2: gastric acid and pepsin secretions
68
Deficiency in Phenylalanine hydroxylase causes what disease?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
| tx: tyrosine
69
Deficiency in tyrosinase causes what disease?
Albinism
70
What is the major cell in collagen?
fibroblasts
71
What amino acids are involved in collagen synthesis?
proline
lysine
glycine
alanine
72
What events in collagen synthesis occur intracellularly?
hydroxylation
| glycoslyation = procollagen 3x helix
73
What events in collagen synthesis occur extracellularly?
endopeptidase = tropocollagen
| cross linking = fibrils
74
Type I collagen
Skin, bone, tendon, sclera, dentin, cementum, gingiva, PDL
75
Type II collagen
Cartilage, vitreous humor
76
Type III collagen
Embryonic CT, organ CT, blood vessels, pulp, PDL
77
Type IV collagen
Basement membrane
78
Type V collagen
Widely distributed CT, dentin, gingiva, PDL
79
Type VII collagen
Anchoring fibrils of basement membrane
80
Accumulation of sphingomyelins cause what disease?
Niemann-Pick
81
S/S of choline deficiency
abnormal fat metabolism
fatty liver disease
heptaic cirrhosis
82
What is the RLS in cholesterol (steroid) synthesis?
HMG-CoA to mevalonate via HMG-CoA reductase
83
Statin drugs inhibit what enzyme?
HMG-CoA reductase
84
What is the most abundant GAG and what does it contribute to?
```
Chondroitin sulfate:
cartilage
bone
tendons
ligaments
heart valves
```
85
Choline is associated w/ what membrane component?
Lecithin
86
which a. a. has a hydrophobic side chain?
leucine
87
Where does urea cycle occur?
liver
88
What are purines derived from?
amino acids
89
What is the RTL step of glycolysis?
F-6-P to F-1,6-BP
90
Causes of glucosuria
low insulin
high blood sugar
impaired tubular reabsorption
inc GFR
91
Fxn of hyaluronate
shock absorbing GAG
| ex: synovial fluid, vitreous humor, ECM
92
Primary location of heparin sulfate (GAG)
basement membrane
93
When is glycogen synthase vs. glycogen phosphorylase activated?
synthase: not phosphorylated
phosphorylase: phosphorylated
94
linkages in dextran
alpha 1-3 and 1-6
95
AZT (azidothymidine) is a competitive inhibitor of what structure?
reverse transcriptase
96
What co-enzymes are required for purine/pyrimidine synthesis?
THF
| Folate
97
How many H-bonds between A-T and G-C
```
A-T = 2
G-C = 3
```
98
What are the amino acids with only one codon?
Trp
Met
Se-Cys
99
What is the initiation codon?
AUG
100
What substances carries the anticodon to mRNA for translation
tRNA
