Metabolism

Question 1

Lipoprotein lipase

Answer 1

Enzyme in the capillary wall catalyzing clevage of fatty acids from lipids in lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, etc).

Question 2

Polyuria

Answer 2

The excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine.

Question 3

Polydipsia

Answer 3

Excessive thirst and water consumption.

Question 4

Ketoacidosis

Answer 4

Acidosis caused by the increased production of acidic ketone bodies (e.g. in diabetes mellitus).

Question 5

Direct calorimetry

Answer 5

Measurement of heat actually produced by an organism confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter.

Question 6

Indirect calorimetry

Answer 6

Estimation of the heat produced by an organism by measuring oxygen consumption and respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 7

Incretins

Answer 7

Intestinal hormones increasing insulin secretion.

Question 8

Endogenous hyperclycemia

Answer 8

Blood sugar level is abnormally high without carbohydrate consumption.

Question 9

Exogenous hyperglycemia

Answer 9

Blood sugar level increases abnormally following carbohydrate consumption.

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

A part of the intermediary metabolism, syntheses of materials, building up the organism’s own materials.

Question 11

Catabolism

Answer 11

A part of the intermediary metabolism, breaking down the absorbed compounds (usually for producing or storing of energy).

Question 12

Citric-acid cycle

Answer 12

The final breakdown of the two-carbonic compound acetyl-group that comes from either the glycolysis or the fatty-acid metabolism. End-products are carbon-dioxide and reduced co-enzymes.

Question 13

Cori-cycle

Answer 13

A procedure in which the lactic acid produced in the muscles are re-metabolised to sugar in the liver at the expense of the break-down of its 1/3 amount.

Question 14

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

Disease due to the lack or ineffectiveness of the insulin hormone; symptoms are sugar in the urine, excess urination and overdrinking, acetone in the saliva, metabolic disturbances and sometimes coma.

Question 15

Pentose-phosphate cycle

Answer 15

An alternative route to the glycolysis in which 5 C-atom sugars (e.g. ribose etc) are formed.

Question 16

Fatty-acid synthesis

Answer 16

Enzymatic production of long-chained fatty-acids from acetyl-Coenzyne-A.

Question 17

Glucogenic amino-acids

Answer 17

Amino-acids that can enter into the sugar-metabolic pathways.

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

A procedure in which the liver synthesizes de novo sugars from lactic acid and amino-acids (mainly from blood proteins).

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

Break down procedure of 6 C-sugars into acetyl group.

Question 20

Hyperglycemia

Answer 20

Elevated blood-sugar level.

Question 21

Hypoglycemia

Answer 21

Decreased blood-sygar level.

Question 22

Ketogenic amino-acids

Answer 22

Amino-acids with ketone-like derivatives that cannot enter into the sugar-metabolism.

Question 23

NAD- (and NADH)

Answer 23

Co-enzyme that binds hydrogen in the glycolysis and in the citric-acid cycle and carries it to the oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 24

Langerhans`islets

Answer 24

Hormone producing (endocrine) cell-groups of the pancreas.

Question 25

Lipolysis

Answer 25

Breaking down natural fats into fatty-acids and glycerol.

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 26

Final phase of the energy metabolism in the mitochondrion; hydrogen is moved from reduced co-enxymes (FADH2, NADH) to oxygen forming water, while released energy is stored in the form of ATP.

Question 27

Respiratory quotient

Answer 27

The carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake.