Metabolism 6 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Draw out an overview of lipid metabolism starting with glucose to acetyl-CoA.
Which paths will insulin promote?
p 4
FED:
In the fed state, insulin drives synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA’s.
In the fed state which enzymes will be utilized? Which inhibited?
Fed state: use HMG-CoA reductase to synthesize cholesterol from Acetyl-CoA
use acetyl-CoA carboxylase to syn. fatty acyl CoA’s
inhibit CPT-1/CAT-1 from backwards path of fatty acyl-CoA back to acetyl-CoA.
In the fed state, insulin drives synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA’s.
In the fasting state, what hormone will act? Which enzymes are utilized to promote which pathways?
FASTING:
In the fasting state, epinephrine drives the formation of acetyl-CoA and ketone bodies.
-succinyl-CoA transferase (absent in liver) to synthesize ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA
use camitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1/CAT1) to change fatty acyl-CoA’s to acetyl-CoA.
inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Describe inter-organ transport of fatty acids in the fed state. How are FA transported in bloodstream?
(small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, muscle)
FA transported as part of TAGs on lipoproteins
p 6, Slide 7/8
Describe inter-organ transport of fatty acids in the fasted state. How are FA transported in bloodstream?
(small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, muscle)
FA transported bound to albumin.
p 6, slide 7/8
What are the important fatty acids?
Slide 9, p 7
What is the equation for fatty acid biosynthesis?
Acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADPH + 14H+ —–>
Palmitate + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 8 CoA + 6 H2O
Note: Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.
Where must acetyl groups be in order for fatty acid biosynthesis to take place? What enzyme is necessary for this process?
Acetyl groups must be transported from the
mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Citrate is the
carrier; it also activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Describe the role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Acetyl groups must be transported from the
mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Citrate is the
carrier; it also activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme,
catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA.
Describe the fatty acid synthase complex. What does it do?
Fatty Acid Synthase Complex, a multifunctional
enzyme complex, utilizes 1 acetyl-CoA and
7 malonyl-CoA to synthesize even-numbered,
saturated fatty acids (i.e., palmitate).
What is the role of NADPH in fatty acid biosynthesis?
NADPH is required; it is generated by the pentose
phosphate pathway & the cytoplasmic reaction
malate —-> pyruvate.
What does biotin do?
Biotin is the carrier of “activated” CO2.
Where are all carbons derived from?
All carbons are derived (ultimately) from acetyl-CoA.
Where are most acetyl-CoA’s derived from?
Most acetyl-CoA’s derive from carbohydrate metabolism.
Describe 3 roles of citrate..
- Stimulates fatty acid synthesis
- transports acetyl groups from mitochondria
- allosterically activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Describe Acetyl CoA carboxylase.
It’s role, its cofactor…
- Is the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis.
- Catalyzes the formation of Malonyl-CoA from Acetyl CoA
- Biotin, a cofactor, serves as a carrier of “activated” CO2.
The rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme
acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The cofactor biotin serves as a carrier of “activtated”
CO2.
Draw out the citrate shuttle (regeneration of pyruvate).
p 9
Slide 15
Describe the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
(What reaction does it catalyze?)
What hormones and factors will promote the reaction, which inhibit?
acetyl CoA + HCO3- + ATP. —> malonyl CoA + H2O + ADP + Pi
Acetyl CoA carboxylase moves this reaction forward.
- This is an irreversible reaction.
- AcetylCoA carboxylation is a rate-limiting step of FA biosynthesis
- AcetylCoA carboxylase is under allosteric regulation.
citrate and insulin and biotin promote
palmitoyl CoA, glucagon and epinephrine inhibit
Slide 17
p 10
Describe the role of malonyl CoA.
Note: The product of the reaction, malonyl CoA, plays a critical role in the regulation (inhibition) of fatty acid degradation (Beta-oxidation) and ketone body formation.
- Is the product of the above reaction, catalyzed by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase.
- Is the only physiological inhibitor of rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation.
- Is the key regulator of fatty acid oxidation and ketone body formation.
In the short term, describe the following regulators of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC):
Allosteric activator:
Allosteric inhibitor:
Hormonal activator:
Hormonal inhibitor:
Allosteric activator: citrate
Allosteric inhibitor: palmitoyl-CoA (long chain C16-C18) fatty acyl CoA) AMP
Hormonal activator: insulin (dephosphorylation of ACC)
Hormonal inhibitor: (covalent modification- PKA-mediated phosphorylation of ACC)
glucagon, epinephrine
In the long term, describe what factors will increase or decrease enzyme synthesis.
Increased Enzyme Synthesis:
- high carbohydrate
- insulin
- thyroid hormone
Decreased enzyme synthesis:
- high fat diet (via low insulin and high glucagon)
- fasting glucagon
The fatty acid synthase complex catalyzes the formation of fatty acids (e.g.
palmitate, 16C). The seven enzyme activities of the fatty acid synthase
complex are found in one protein.
Describe what happens in the first cycle, and each remaining cycle.
In the first cycle, acetyl-CoA combines with a 2-carbon acetyl group (derived from
malonyl-CoA) to ultimately yield the 4-carbon butyryl group.
In each of the remaining six
cycles, a 2-carbon acetyl group is transferred from malonyl-CoA to a growing fatty acid chain.
After 7 cycles of reactions catalyzed by the fatty acid synthase complex (the first reaction + 6 more cycles), a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid (palmitate) is formed.
Show the stoichiometry of the reaction of the formation of palmitate.
Acetyl-CoA (2 C) + 7 malonyl-CoA (21 C) + 14 NADPH + 14 H+ —>
Palmitate (16 C) + 7 CO2
+ 14 NADP+ + 8 CoA + 6 H2O
What are the major reactions that fatty acid synthase complex synthesizes? (6)
Slide 27
p 14
