metabolism

Question 1

what is anabolism

Answer 1

small to large

Question 2

what is catabolism

Answer 2

large to small

Question 3

what is fuel metabolism

Answer 3

Reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
-Nutrient molecules are broken down through the process of digestion into smaller absorbable molecules

Question 4

what do proteins turn into?

Answer 4

amino acids

Question 5

what do carbohydrates turn into?

Answer 5

monosaccharides (glucose)

Question 6

what do triglycerides turn into?

Answer 6

monoglyerdies and free fatty acids

Question 7

what is absorptive state?

Answer 7

• fed state
• after a meal, food is being digested and absorbed
• nutrients are absorbed from the lumen into the blood

Question 8

what happens to CHO during absorptive state?

Answer 8

• glycogen synthesis and storage

- excess is converted and stored as triglyceride fat

Question 9

what happens to fat during absorptive state?

Answer 9

triglyceride and synthesis and storage

Question 10

what happens to protein during absorptive state?

Answer 10

• protein synthesis

- excess converted and stored as fat

Question 11

what is post-absorptive state?

Answer 11

• in between meals, metabolic fuels are mobilized
• glucose comes from storage and is used to provide energy to body cells
• synthesis of proteins and fats is inhibited, since it takes up energy
• glycogenolysis (glycogen-> glucose)

Question 12

primary role of liver?

Answer 12

maintaining blood glucose levels

Question 13

how does glycerol act as a lesser energy source?

Answer 13

when triglyceride undergoes hydrolysis it is converted into glycerol, which can be converted to glucose by the liver

Question 14

how can lactic acid be used as a lesser energy source?

Answer 14

• as it is produced by incomplete catabolism (large to small) of glucose via glycolysis in the muscle, it can also be converted to glucose in the liver

Question 15

How can ketone bodies be used as a lesser energy source?

Answer 15

• it is produced by the liver during starvation
• produced through citric acid cycle
• because acetyl coenzyme A(produced by liver be using fatty acids) is unable to be further processed through the citric acid cycle for further energy extraction, the liver converts Coenzymes A to ketone bodies which are released into blood
• uses during long term starvation in replacement of glucose

Question 16

what are the endocrine cells of the pancreas called and what does it produce?

Answer 16

Islets of Langerhans

-produces Beta cells and Alphas cells

Question 17

What are B cells the site of?

Answer 17

the site of insulin synthesis and secretion

Question 18

what do A cells do?

Answer 18

produce glucagon

Question 19

what is the role of insulin and glucagon?

Answer 19

regulate fuel metabolism

- can shift the metabolic pathway from anabolism to catabolism in feasting and fasting states

Question 20

what is the flow of nutrients along metabolic pathway influenced by?

Answer 20

insulin 
glucagon 
epinephrine 
cortisol 
GH

Question 21

what does insulin promote?

Answer 21

lowers glucose, fatty acid, amino acid in blood

• promotes storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (absorptive state)
• promotes cellular uptake and conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins.

Question 22

How does insulin exert its effect?

Answer 22

• alters transport of specific blood borne nutrients into cell.
• alters the activity of enzymes involves in metabolic pathways

Question 23

what is glycogenesis?

Answer 23

glucose to glycogen

Question 24

what is glycogenoLYSIS

Answer 24

glycogen to glucose

Question 25

what is glucoNEOgenesis?

Answer 25

amino acids into glucose

Question 26

what is lipolysis?

Answer 26

triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 27

what does insulin regulate with CHO?

Answer 27

1) glucose absorption from GI tract 2) transport of glucose into cells 3) production of glucose 4) urinary excretion of glucose -it stimulates glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen)

Question 28

what does insulin inhibit?

Answer 28

- glycigenolysis (glycogen to glucose | - inhibits enzymes that convert amino acids into glucose

Question 29

what does GLUT do?

Answer 29

transports glucose between blood and cells

Question 30

What does GLUT -1 do?

Answer 30

crosses glucose across BBB

Question 31

what does GLUT-2 do?

Answer 31

transfers glucose into the blood from kidneys and intestinal cells

Question 32

what does GLUT -3 do?

Answer 32

transfers glucose into neurons

Question 33

what does GLUT 1 and 3 do?

Answer 33

transfers glucose into brain

Question 34

how do the GLUTS transport glucose?

Answer 34

passively

Question 35

what different about GLUT 4?

Answer 35

- its the only type of glucose transporter that responds to insulin, - it present in the plasma membrane of tissue of skeletal and fat tissue

Question 36

what organ does not depend on insulin for glucose uptake?

Answer 36

the brain

Question 37

what transports does the brain get its supply of glucose from?

Answer 37

GLUT 1 and 3

Question 38

what are the actions of insulin on fat?

Answer 38

lowers blood fatty acids and promotes storage of triglycerides into the adipose tissue - insilin increases glucose transport into adipose tissue through GLUT4 - inhibits break down of fats - activates enzymes that catalyze production of fatty acids to glucose

Question 39

action of insulin on proteins

Answer 39

- lowers amino acid levels and enhances synthesis - promotes active transport of amino acids from the blood into muscles - inhibits protein degeneration

Question 40

What happens when blood glucose is high?

Answer 40

- increase secretion of insulin - lowers blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acid levels - blood glucose increases following meal ingestion - stimulates B-cells to synthesis insulin

Question 41

what happens when blood glucose is low?

Answer 41

inhibits insulin secretion | -this shift metabolism to post absorptive state

Question 42

negitive feedback of insulin and glucose?

Answer 42

- meal stimulates pancreas to activate B cells B cells synthesis insilin insulin is released into blood - an decrease in blood glucose feedsback on b cells to stop it

Question 43

what does an elevated amount of amino acids in the blood trigger?

Answer 43

triggers beta cells to secrete insulin to bring the amino acids into cells, lowering blood amino acids -promotes protein synthesis

Question 44

what secretes glucagon?

Answer 44

alpha cells of the pancreas

Question 45

what act does glucagon do?

Answer 45

increases blood glucose, by turning glycogen to glucose

Question 46

during starvation, glucagon antagonizes insulins actions by doing what?

Answer 46

- promoting breakdown of fat - inhibit triglyceride synthesis - enhances ketone production

Question 47

what is the action of glucagon on proteins?

Answer 47

- inhibits protein synthesis - stimulate gluconeogenesis (amino acids into glucose) - stimulates protein catabolism in liver

Question 48

what is epinephrine's and cortisol's role in metabolism?

Answer 48

- increases blood glucose levels - cortisol mobilizes amino acids through protein catabolism (large to small) - long term starvation- cortisol helps maintain glucose concentration

Question 49

what is GH's role in metabolism?

Answer 49

- exerts growth promoting effects- GH elevates blood glucose and fatty acids but have limited effects on overall fuel metabolism - helps maintain blood glucose concentration during starvation

Question 50

what is TH role in metabolism?

Answer 50

- increases metabolic rates - however, onset of TH is too slow to have any significant effects on rapid adjustments to maintain normal nutrient levels

Question 51

what is the most common endocrine disorder?

Answer 51

diabetes