Metabolism

Question 1

macromolecule synthesis is what kind of reaction

Answer 1

condensation (makes water)

“if someone is CONDESCENDING, it MAKES you feel bad and you CRY WATER”

Question 2

macromolecule degradation is what kind of reaction

Answer 2

hydrolysis (catabolic) (uses water)

Question 3

what is the high energy bond where ATP has most of its energy?

Answer 3

phosphoanhydride bond at the gamma phosphate

Question 4

is catabolism oxidative or reductive?

Answer 4

oxidative

Question 5

is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

Answer 5

reductive

Question 6

direct transfer of a phosphoryl group from ADP

Answer 6

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 7

• oxidize carbons
• makes reduced coenzymes
• creates potential energy in the gradient
• coupling of protons
• protons flow across an enzyme
• ATP is generate

Answer 7

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

what are oxidized to make energy?

Answer 8

• Carbs
• Lipids
• Proteins

Question 9

what use energy?

Answer 9

• biosynthesis
• detoxification
• muscle contraction
• active ion transport
• thermogenesis

Question 10

gaining a bond to H and losing a bond to ONS

Answer 10

reduction

Question 11

losing a bond to H and gaining a bond to ONS

Answer 11

oxidation

Question 12

when will you have increased heat production with uncouplers?

Answer 12

low ATP production conditions (since aren’t using ATP synthase), have to give off the energy somewhere

Question 13

cristae

Answer 13

increase the surface area

maximizes the surface area/volume ratio which allows more ATP to be made

Question 14

UCP1

Answer 14

thermogenin

Question 15

natural uncoupler

Answer 15

UCP1 - thermogenin (brown fat)

Question 16

vitamin B1

Answer 16

Thiamine

DIET ONLY

holocaust survivors

Beri-Beri disease

Required in PDC

Question 17

PDH Complex requires what

Answer 17

NAD, B1, B3

Question 18

vitamin B3

Answer 18

Niacin

DIET & SYNTHESIS

Makes NAD

Question 19

vitamin B5

Answer 19

pantothenic

needed to make CoA

“B5 is PENTOthenic acid”

Question 20

what transfers the most oxidized form of carbon (CO2)?

Answer 20

biotin

Question 21

what 3 things transfer one-carbon units that are less oxidized than CO2?

Answer 21

• Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
• Vitamin B12
• SAM

Question 22

vitamin B9

Answer 22

Folate

donates its one-carbon unit

purine synthesis
thymidine synthesis
methionine synthesis
serine/glycine metabolism (interconversion)

Question 23

vitamin B12

Answer 23

cobalamin

DIET - stored in liver for 6 years

sensitive to hydrolysis

Question 24

what part of B12 is the active part of the corrin ring that binds with the carbon of the methyl group?

Answer 24

cobalt atom

Question 25

2 reactions of B12 in the body

Answer 25

Rearranges methyl group from methylmalonyl coA to succinyl coA Transfers methyl group to homocysteine to form methionine

Question 26

what amino acids are used by B12 in the conversion of methylmalonyl coA to succinyl coA?

Answer 26

- valine - isoleucine - threonine - methionine "that is V MIT"

Question 27

what 2 N's do the carbon attachments occur at on the FH4?

Answer 27

5 & 10

Question 28

what is the most reduced form of FH4?

Answer 28

N5-methyl-FH4

Question 29

what is the methyl trap?

Answer 29

high methyl FH4 means it will have lower utilization elsewhere and the methyl group is trapped in the FH4

Question 30

what are the carbon sources for the FH4-C?

Answer 30

- serine - glycine - histidine - formaldehyde (can be formed from oxidation of ethanol) - Formate

Question 31

what happens in elderly people who have decreased intrinsic factor by their parietal cells

Answer 31

can't bind to free B12 in the ileum and transferred out to the liver and other tissues

Question 32

where are the R-binders in the stomach secreted from?

Answer 32

gastric mucosa

Question 33

where are the intrinsic factors in the stomach secreted from?

Answer 33

parietal cells

Question 34

what enables the intrinic factor-B12 complex to transport to the ileum?

Answer 34

proteases secreted by the pancrease

Question 35

what binds with B12 in the blood to transfer it to liver and tissues?

Answer 35

transcobalamin II