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Biochemistry > Metabolism 83-89 > Flashcards

Metabolism 83-89 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Ethanol metabolism limiting reagent

A

NAD+
Increased NADH/NAD ratio in the liver causes
Pyruvate–>lactate (lactic acidosis)
Oxaloacetate–>gluconeogenesis (fasting hypoglycemia)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate –> G3P (hepato steatosis)
Changes seen in CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM

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2
Q

Fomepizole

A

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

Antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

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3
Q

Disulfiram

A

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Accumulation of acetaldehyde

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4
Q

Metabolic processes in mitochondria

A 
Fatty acid oxidation 
Acetyl - CoA production 
TCA cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Ketogenesis
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5
Q

Metabolic processes in cytoplasm

A 
Glycolysis
HMP shunt 
Steroids
Proteins (ribosomes, RER)
Fatty acids
Cholesterol
Nucleotides
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6
Q

Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic metabolic processes

A

Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
“HUGs take two”

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7
Q

RD enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

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8
Q

Regulation of PFK 1

A

Increased by AMP, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

Inhibited by ATP and citrate

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9
Q

RD enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

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10
Q

Regulation of fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

A

Inhibited by AMP and fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate

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11
Q

RD enzyme of TCA cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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12
Q

Regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

Increased by ADP

Inhibited by ATP, NADH

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13
Q

Ethanol metabolism pathway

A

Ethanol –etoh dehydrogenase–>acetaldehyde –acetaldehyde dehydrogenase–>acetate

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14
Q

RD enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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15
Q

Regulation of glycogen synthase

A

Increased by G6P, insulin, cortisol

Inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon

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16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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17
Q

Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Increased by epinephrine, glucagon, AMP

Inhibited by G6P, insulin and ATP

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18
Q

HMP shunt rate limiting enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

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19
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase regulators

A

Increased by NADP

Inhibited by NADPH

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20
Q

De novo pyrimidine synthesis rate determining enzyme

A

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II

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21
Q

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II regulators

A

Increased by PRPP, ATP

Inhibited by UTP

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22
Q

De novo purine synthesis rate limiting enzyme

A

Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase

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23
Q

Gluamine PRPP amidotransferase regulators

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A

Inhibited by AMP, IMP and GMP

24
Q

Urea cycle rate limiting enzyme

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A

Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase II

25
Carbamoyle phosphate synthetase I regulators
Increased by N-acetylglutamate
26
Fatty acid synthesis rate limiting enzyme
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
27
Acetyl CoA carboxylase regulators
Increased by insulin and citrate | Inhibited by glucagon and palmitoyl-CoA
28
Fatty acid oxidation rate limiting enzyme
Carnitine acetyltransferase I
29
Carnitine acetyltransferase I regulators
Inhibited by Malonyl CoA
30
Ketogenesis rate limiting enzyme
HMG CoA SYNTHASE
31
Cholesterol synthesis rate limiting enzyme
HMG CoA REDUCTASE
32
HMG CoA REDUCTASE regulators
Increased by insulin and thyroxine | Inhibited by glucagon and cholesterol
33
What chemical causes glycolysis to produce zero net ATP?
Arsenic
34
Processes that NAPH are used in
Anabolic Respiratory burst P450 system Glutathione reductase
35
Hexokinase or glucokinase catalyze?
Glucose --> G6P (1st committed step of glycolysis/glycogen synthesis)
36
Hexokinase vs. glucokinase
Hexokinase Most tissues, low Km, low Vmax, NOT induced by insulin, Feedback inhibited by G6P, gene mutation associated with diabetes of the young? NO Glucokinase Liver and pancreas beta cells, high Km and High Vmax, INDUCED BY INSULIN, not inhibited by G6P, Gene mutation is associated with maturity onset diabetes of the young
37
Glycolysis steps that require ATP and produce ATP
Require ATP: Hexokinase/glucokinase and PFK1 | Produce ATP: phosphoglycerate kinase, Pyruvate kinase (formation of 3 PG and Pyruvate)
38
PFK1 induction by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
Increased PFK2 activity in fed state (increased insulin --> decreased cAMP-->decreased protein kinase A=not phosphorylated) Increased F 2,6 BP = increased PFK activity
39
Inhibition of PFK1
Fasting state (increased glucagon --> increased cAMP --> increased PKA --> increased FPBase) = gluconeogenesis
40
Arsenic poisoning
Inhibits lipoid acid | S/s vomiting, rice water stools and GARLIC BREATH
41
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Links glycolysis and TCA cycle 5 cofactors: thiamine, lipoid acid, CoA (B5), FAD (B2), NAD (B3) Same cofactors as alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex "Tender Loving Care for Nobody"
42
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Excess Pyruvate shunted to lactate and alanine | X linked
43
Treatment for Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Increase intake of ketogenic nutrients (high fat content or increased lysine and leucine) LYSINE + LEUCINE (pureLy ketogenic amino acids)
44
Pyruvate metabolic pathway choices (4)
1. Alanine (alanine aminotransferase + B6)--> liver 2. Oxaloacetate (Pyruvate carboxylase + biotin) --> gluconeogenesis 3. Acetyl-CoA (Pyruvate dehydrogenase: B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid) -->TCA cycle 4. Lactate (lactic acid dehydrogenase + B3) anaerobic glycolysis
45
Kreb's Cycle produces
3 NADH, 1FADH2, 2CO2, 1GTP = 10 ATP/acetyl CoA
46
Kreb's Cycle Steps
"Cee I kan shit shit from my Oss" Citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinylCoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate
47
Electron transport chain location and flow of protons
Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane | H are pumped into the intermembrane space and flow into the mitochondrial matrix
48
Complexes that receive electrons from NADH and FADH2
Complex I: NADH | Complex II: FADH2
49
Compounds that inhibits the electron transport chain
I: rotenone, MPP , Amytal III: antimycin IV: cyanide, CO, N3, H2S
50
ATP synthase inhibitors:
Oligomycin
51
Uncoupling agents
Produce heat 2,4 dinitrophenol (weight loss) Asa Thermogenin (brown fat)
52
Gluconeogenesis irreversible enzymes
Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase Glucose 6 phosphatase
53
Pyruvate carboxylase
Mitochondria Pyr--> oxaloacetate Requires biotin
54
PEP carboxykinase
Oxaloacetate --> PEP | Cytosolic
55
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate -->fructose 6 phosphate
56
Glucose 6 phosphatase
G6P-->glucose
57
Purpose and location of gluconeogenesis
Primarily in liver Maintain euglycemia during fasting (Enzyme deficiency - hypoglycemia)

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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