Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The sum of all chemical reaction that occur in the body

Question 2

Catabolic reactions

Answer 2

Break down large chemicals and release energy

Question 3

Anabolic reactions

Answer 3

Build up large chemicals and required energy

Question 4

Ingestion

Answer 4

The acquisition and consumption of food and other raw materials

Question 5

Digestion

Answer 5

The process of converting food into a usable soluble form to pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body

Question 6

Absorption

Answer 6

The passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper by diffusion or active transport

Question 7

Transport

Answer 7

The circulation of esstianal compounds required to nourish the tissues and the removal of waste products from the tissues

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

The building up of new tissues from digested food materials

Question 9

Excretion

Answer 9

The removal of waste products produced during metabolic processes

Question 10

Synthesis

Answer 10

The creation of complex molecules from simple ones

Question 11

Regulation

Answer 11

The control of physiological activities to maintain the body’s internal environment

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

The steady state of the internal environment

Question 13

Irritability

Answer 13

The ability to respond to a stimulus

Question 14

Growth

Answer 14

An increase in size caused by cell division and synthesis of new materials

Question 15

Reproduction

Answer 15

The generation of additional individuals of a species

Question 16

Respiration

Answer 16

The conversion of the chemical energy in molecular bonds into the usable energy needed to drive the process of living cells

Question 17

Aerobic respiration

Answer 17

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

Question 18

Dehydrogenation

Answer 18

Removal of high-energy hydrogen atoms from organic molecules

Question 19

Glycolysis

Answer 19

Series of reactions that leads to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, ATP, and reduction of NAD+ into NADH
In the cytoplasm

Question 20

Glycolytic pathway

Answer 20

1. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by hexokinase
2. To fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase
3. To fructose 1,6-biphosphate by phosphofructokinase
4. To glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate by aldolase
   Dihydroxyacetone by triose phosphate isomerase
5. To 1,3-diphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
6. To 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase
7. To 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase
8. To phosphoenolpyruvate by enolase
9. To pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

Question 21

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 21

Formation of ATP by direct conversion of a higher energy substrate into lower energy product

Question 22

Fermentation

Answer 22

Reactions involved in reducing pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question 23

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 23

Pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 24

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 24

Pyruvic acid to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase

Question 25

Cellular respiration

Answer 25

Aerobic process Occurs in the mitochondria Yield 36-38 ATP 3 stages: pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Question 26

Pyruvate decaroxylation

Answer 26

Pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix Decarboxylated Acetyl group transferred to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA NAD+ reduced to NADH

Question 27

Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

Answer 27

2-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form 6-carbon citrate 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FAHD2 and 1 GTP generated per cycle

Question 28

Electron transport chain

Answer 28

Inside of inner mitochondria membrane High-energy potential electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules that pump H+ into the intermembrane space creating a concentration gradient

Question 29

Cytochromes

Answer 29

Electron carriers that contain a central iron atom capable of undergoing a reversible redox reaction

Question 30

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 30

Respiratory enzymes continually create a concentration gradient. H+ passes through ATPase, releasing energy to convert ADP to ATP Produce 36-38 ATP

Question 31

Fats energy

Answer 31

Triglycerides stored in adipose tissue Hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acid and glycerol Glycerol converted in PGAL Activated in cytoplasm with 2 ATP, transported into the mitochondrion and go through series of beta-oxidation cycles converting into 2-carbon fragments which are converted in acetyl-CoA

Question 32

Transamination

Answer 32

Proteins lose amino group to form an a-keto acid | Converted to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, or intermediates

Question 33

Oxidative deamination

Answer 33

Removes ammonia molecules directly from an amino acid

Question 34

Photosynthesis

Answer 34

Coverts CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen | In chloroplast

Question 35

Light reactions

Answer 35

Photolysis reactions Absorption of a photon by a chlorophyll molecule P700 molecule in photosystem I excites electrons to a higher energy level Flow along the cyclic or noncyclic electron flow

Question 36

Cyclic electron flow

Answer 36

Excited electron of P700 move along electron carriers Series of redox reactions returns electrons to P700 Cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP

Question 37

Noncyclic electron flow

Answer 37

Photons excite electrons in P700 in photosystem I Reduce NADP+ to NADHP Photons excite electrons in P680 in photosystem II, travel down electron carrier chain and oxidize P700 Produces ATP by noncyclic photophosphorylation Water split into 2 H+ and O- to reduce P680 Oxygen atoms combine to form O2

Question 38

Dark reactions

Answer 38

Carbon-fixation or reduction synthesis reactions | Uses ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates

Question 39

Calvin cycle

Answer 39

CO2 fixed to ribulose bisphosphate Splits into 2 molecules of phosphoglyceric acid Phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH to give glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL) 2 PGALS convert to glucose Cycle takes place 3 times

Question 40

Enzymes

Answer 40

Decrease reaction activation energy Do not alter equilibrium constant Are pH and temperature sensitive Very selective

Question 41

Substrate

Answer 41

The molecule which an enzyme acts upon

Question 42

Active site

Answer 42

The area on the enzyme which the substrate binds

Question 43

Lock and Key theory

Answer 43

The spatial recognition structure of an enzyme's active site is exactly complementary to the specific substrate

Question 44

Induced Fit theory

Answer 44

The active site has flexibility of shape When the appropriate substrate comes in contact with the active site, the conformation of the site changes to fit the substrate

Question 45

Enzyme specificity

Answer 45

Temperature - as temp increases, rate increases until an optimum temp is reached beyond which heat alters the shape of the active site and deactivates it pH Concentration - increasing substrate concentration increases rate until all active sites are occupied (max velocity Vmax)

Question 46

Competitive inhibition

Answer 46

Molecules similar to the substrate that bind to the active site of the enzyme, competing with the substrate and interfere with enzyme activity

Question 47

Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 47

A substance that forms strong covalent bonds with an enzyme at, near or fear from the active site, making it unable to bind with its substrate Irreversible

Question 48

Allosteric site

Answer 48

An area on the enzyme that is not the active site

Question 49

Cofactor

Answer 49

Nonprotein molecules (metal cations or coenzymes) that incorporate with enzymes to become active

Question 50

Prosthetic groups

Answer 50

Cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds