Metabolism and Biogenergetics. Flashcards
(57 cards)
What does Metabolism do?
It allows all living things to grow, reproduce and move etc.
It enables cells to transform energy, from light, food etc.
To use Chemical energy; the synthesis of macromolecules and perform biological ‘work’
How are organisms classified?
From their source of energy and their source of carbon for the synthesis of cellular material - chemotroph (transform chemical energy) phototroph - need some preformed organic nutrients.
Heterotroph and autotrophs.
How many metric tons of carbon are cycling through the biosphere?
4 x 10^11 metric tons of carbon.
What is a metabolome?
This is a term for all metabolites in a cell or system
What is metabolomics?
These are the systemic characteristics of metabolome including under specific conditions.
What are catabolic pathways? What do they do?
These are convergent pathways which transform fuels into cellular energy ex: ATP, NADH, NADPH and FADH.
What are anabolic pathways? What do they do?
These are divergent and require cell energy to synthesis diverse macromolecules from small precursor molecules.
How regulated in metabolism? How integrated is it?
It is highly regulated and is integrated into the systems.
Which receptor enhances the sars cov -2 entry?
HDL receptor.
What is bioenergetics?
This is the quantitative study of energy transductions in living cells/organisms/systems.
The amount of free energy available to do work = free energy G
If reaction at equilibrium = 0
If reaction occurs spontaneously if delta G negative = EXERGONIC
What drives biochemical reactions?
Enzymes - makes them more thermodynamically favourable and specific. Enzymes allow for this.
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
Total amount of energy in universe is constant.
Universe tends towards disorder entropy, X of universe increases.
What is thermodynamics referred as/measured in?
The change in Gibbs free energy, the delta - occurs in cell not a free chem reaction.
What are the different terms of reactions from occurring spontaneously (neg) and not occurring spontaneously (pos)?
Exergonic (neg)
Endergonic (pos)
What can a a thermodynamically favorable reaction in metabolism be driven by?
By a thermodynamically favourable one.
Standard free energy change is?
Additive
What enzyme allows for glycolysis?
Hexokinase.
Glycolysis generic formula:
C6H12O6
What does loss of ATP lead to ?
Cell injury/cell death.
What charge do the phosphate groups have in ATP?
Negative, they repel eachother.
What is the bond between the triphosphate in ATP?
Phosphoanhydride bond, the breaking of this bond creates/transfers energy. Usually exergonic. Each of these bonds/break/hydrolysis has a high negative free energy change.
Where is ATP synthesised?
In the mitochondria, inner foldings. Symbiotic bacteria descendent.
What is the synthesis of ATP called?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
What are other examples of other phosphorylated compounds besides ATP?
Phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphocreatine (supplement - muscle) and some non-phosphorylated compounds ex: thioesters.
These all have large free energies of hydrolysis and can drive metabolic processes.
