Metabolism and Elimination

Question 1

what is elimination

Answer 1

drug excreted or metabolised to some other form

Question 2

Different ways in which drugs can be excreted

Answer 2

urine/ bile/ expired air/ milk/ sweat saliva

Question 3

how are drugs eliminated

Answer 3

through more than one route, they are metabolised

Question 4

where does excretion occur

Answer 4

kidney

Question 5

where does metabolism occur

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

what is the definition of clearance

Answer 6

apparent volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time

Question 7

what does clearance describe

Answer 7

How fast the Irreversible reaction of removal of drug from systemic circulation happens

Question 8

what is clarifictaion for clearance of drug

Answer 8

drug could still be in body but had already been metabolised

Question 9

what is the equation for clearance

Answer 9

c= elimination rate/ plasma drug concentration

Question 10

what can the free unbound drug be eliminated by

Answer 10

metabolism/kidneys to urine/bile ducts to duodenum

Question 11

what is hepatic elimination

Answer 11

foreign bodies removed unchanged with no metabolite alteration via biliary removal

Question 12

Recall the process of biliary elimination starting from liver

Answer 12

liver -bile ducts - gall bladder - duodenum - faeces

Question 13

what are xenobiotics and give examples

Answer 13

foreign bodies such as pesticides, food additives, industrial chemicals

Question 14

how does human body detoxify chemicals

Answer 14

cytochrome p450

Question 15

are lipophilic xenobiotics elimiated by kidney

Answer 15

no

Question 16

can lipophilic molecules be excreted if not metabolised

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what are the two phases of drug biotransformation

Answer 17

1 -increase polrity of compound
2- increase polarity of comp again

Question 18

what is a phase 1 reaction

Answer 18

catabolic breakdown

Question 19

what is phase 2 raction

Answer 19

anabolic buildup

Question 20

give examplesof phase 1 reaction

Answer 20

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Question 21

give examples of phase two recations

Answer 21

sulphation/ glucuronidation/acetylation/methylation

Question 22

where do phase 1 reactions occur

Answer 22

SER in hepatocytes

Question 23

where do phase 2 reactions occur

Answer 23

cytosol of hepatocyte

Question 24

how do you name genes

Answer 24

first gene name- family-subfamily- gene no. on aa sequence

Question 25

which CYPs are essentil for drug metabolism

Answer 25

1/2/3

Question 26

what is the functoinal unit of kidney and what does it do

Answer 26

nephron- filters blood

Question 27

how are drugs excreted in urine

Answer 27

collecting duct -renal - pelvis - ureter

Question 28

why is there no such thing as standard dose

Answer 28

differences in absorption rates/metabolism and elimination

Question 29

what is the therapeutic range

Answer 29

differnec between minimum EFFECTIVE conc and minimum TOXIC conc

Question 30

what does therapeutic range provide

Answer 30

indictaion whether drug monitoring is needed

Question 31

what drugs a large therapeutic window mean

Answer 31

nontoxic

Question 32

what does a reasonable therap windiw mean

Answer 32

medium toxicity

Question 33

what does a narrow therap wndow mean

Answer 33

highly toxic

Question 34

what is the true dose

Answer 34

dose that will have desired effect

Question 35

what will the true dose depend on

Answer 35

dissolution, absorption, ability to survive metabolism

Question 36

what can affect metabolism and how

Answer 36

liver/old age/ drug interactions / inhibtion= reduced liver enzyme induction= increased

Question 37

what is the connection between half life, metabolism and dose

Answer 37

with a reduced metabolism, half life increased so dose decreases

Question 38

what is the connection between half life excretion and dose

Answer 38

reduced excretion- increased hald life - lower dose

Question 39

which is more lipid liking hydrogen or hydroxide

Answer 39

hydrogen

Question 40

whihc is more lipid liking, methanol or hydroxide

Answer 40

methanol