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METABOLISM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

is a term that describes the biochemical processes that allow people to grow, reproduce, repair damage, and respond to their environment.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

A broad category of diseases that can be caused by enzyme deficiencies, genetic defects, or organ dysfunction.

A

Metabolic disorder

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3
Q

A type of metabolic disorder that affects organs, tissues, or cells.Examples include type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity.

A

Metabolic diseases

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4
Q

Also known as inborn errors of metabolism, these disorders are caused by a defective gene that leads to an enzyme deficiency.

A

Inherited metabolic disorders

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5
Q

Metabolic diseases can occur when the liver or pancreas aren’t functioning properly.

A

Organ dysfunction

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6
Q

The severity of a metabolic disease is usually determined by the level of destruction of the abnormal enzyme. t or f

A

f; level of function

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7
Q

plays a central role in metabolism, acting as the body’s primary organ for processing nutrients, regulating blood glucose levels, synthesizing essential molecules like proteins and lipids, and detoxifying harmful substances, making it a critical player in maintaining overall metabolic homeostasis

A

liver

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8
Q

is the “hub” of metabolism, constantly adapting its functions based on the body’s nutritional state, whether in a fed or fasted state.

A

liver

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9
Q

The pancreas synthesizes lipoproteins like very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) which transport triglycerides to other tissues for energy storage, and also breaks down fatty acids for energy production.
t or f

A

f; liver

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10
Q

significantly influence the liver’s metabolic activity, dictating whether it stores or releases nutrients depending on the body’s needs.

A

Hormones

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11
Q

Breakdown of glucose for energy production.

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

Storage of glucose as glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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13
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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14
Q

Synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids

A

Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrates

A

Lipogenesis

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16
Q

Breakdown of fatty acids for energy

A

Beta-oxidation

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17
Q

Detoxification of ammonia produced from protein metabolism

A

Urea cycle

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18
Q

Inability to maintain blood glucose levels due to impaired gluconeogenesis

A

Hypoglycemia

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19
Q

Elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood due to abnormal lipid metabolism

A

Hyperlipidemia

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20
Q

Reduced protein synthesis impacting various bodily functions

A

Protein deficiency

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21
Q

Inability to effectively detoxify harmful substances

A

Accumulation of toxins

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22
Q

Produced by the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

A

Insulin

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23
Q

Also from the pancreas, raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen stores in the liver.

A

Glucagon

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24
Q

Secreted by the thyroid gland, control the body’s overall metabolic rate, impacting energy expenditure and body temperature.

A

Thyroid hormones

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25
 Released by the adrenal glands, helps mobilize energy during stress situations, impacting carbohydrate metabolism. 
Cortisol
26
The endocrine system operates through _____, meaning hormone levels are constantly monitored and adjusted based on the body's needs, ensuring metabolic homeostasis. 
feedback loops
27
Underactive thyroid gland leads to a slowed metabolism, causing fatigue and weight gain. 
Hypothyroidism:
28
Overactive thyroid gland results in a rapid metabolism, causing weight loss and anxiety. 
Hyperthyroidism:
29
Inability to properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance, leading to metabolic complications. 
Diabetes mellitus:
30
maintaining normal functioning in the body.
Hemeostasis
31
regulate metabolism by controlling the rate at which the body burns energy for fuel.
Hormones
32
a glucocorticoid –considered ‘stress’ hormones in the body,it has more to do with chronic stress.
Cortisol
33
the release of epinephrine and norephineprine from the adrenal medulla.
Acute stress
34
what releases cortisol
adrenal cortex
35
too much cortisol
Cushing’s disease
36
not enough cortisol
Addison’s disease
37
is the active form of T4
T3
38
what releases t3 and t4
thyroid gland
39
too much t3 or t4
Hyperthyroidism
40
not enough t3 and t4
hypothyroidism
41
another name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
42
what produces growth hormone
pituitary gland
43
hormones that stimulates development of female sex organs and regulation of menstrual cycle.
Estrogen
44
What controls the release of estrogen?
Hypothalamus
45
plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
progesterone
46
helps to stimulate the development of male sex organ and it’s also instrumental in sperm production.
Testosterone
47
in females it causes contraction of the uterus and promotes lactation
Oxytocin
48
In males it controls production of testosterone as well as sperm release.
Oxytocin
49
is a hormone that primarily promotes lactation
Prolactin
50
prolactin is released from the
anterior pituitary gland
51
helps to control blood pressure and blood volume in the body by regulating the reabsorption or excretion of water in the kidneys.
ADH
52
ADH is secreted from the
posterior pituitary gland
53
ADH is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland,in response to three things;
hypovolemia hyponatremia hypotension
54
is a hormone that increases blood volume and blood pressure by causing kidney reabsorption of both water and sodium.
ALDOSTERONE
55
consists of the tissues (mainly glands) that create and release hormones.
endocrine system
56
are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues.
Hormones
57
These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it.
Hormones
58
You have more than __different hormones, and they affect nearly all aspects of your health — directly or indirectly.
50
59
Your endocrine system consists of three types of tissues:
Endocrine glands. Organs. Endocrine-related tissues.
60
are special tissues in your body that create and release substances.
Glands
61
This is a tiny gland in your brain that’s beneath the back part of your corpus callosum. It makes and releases the hormone melatonin.
Pineal gland
62
This is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. It releases eight hormones, some of which trigger other endocrine glands to release hormones.
Pituitary gland:
63
is often called the "master gland" because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands. 
pituitary gland
64
Anterior Pituituary Gland Produces:
Thyroid stimulating hormone Prolactin Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Growth hormone
65
Posterior Pituituary Gland Produces:
ADH – antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
66
This is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of your neck under your skin. It releases hormones that help control your metabolism.
Thyroid gland
67
These are four pea-sized glands that are typically behind your thyroid
Parathyroid glands
68
Sometimes parathyroid glands exist along your esophagus or in your chest
ectopic parathyroid glands
69
These are small, triangle-shaped glands on top of each of your two kidneys. They release several hormones that manage bodily processes, like metabolism, blood pressure and your stress response.
Adrenal glands
70
The thyroid typically weighs between
20 and 60 grams.
71
Thyroid gland - in the neck Produces;
T3 – triiodothyronine T4 – thyroxine Calcitonin
72
rest on top of the kidneys.
ADRENAL GLANDS
73
outer layer of the adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
74
inside of the adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
75
produce hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. They are also a source of sex steroids like estrogen and testosterone. 
The adrenal glands
76
Adrenal Cortex Produces:
Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens
77
Adrenal medulla Produces:
Epinephrine Norephinephrine
78
Produces – insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
79
another endocrine gland produces testosterone.
Testes
80
produce estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
81
It’s the main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system.
Hypothalamus
82
It makes two hormones that your pituitary gland stores and releases (oxytocin and vasopressin) and makes and releases two hormones (dopamine and somatostatin).
Hypothalamus
83
It’s both an organ and a gland and is also part of your digestive system.
Pancreas:
84
It releases two hormones that are essential to maintaining healthy blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon.
Pancreas:
85
It's responsible for maintaining a stable state called homeostasis. . 
hypothalamus
86
Hypothalamus produces four key hormones;
Corticotropin – releasing hormone Thyroid releasing hormone Growth hormone Gonadotropin releasing hormone
87
releases many different hormones, including leptin, angiotensin and adiponectin
Adipose tissue
88
They produce and store your eggs (also called ova) and make sex hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Ovaries
89
These are small, round organs underneath your penis in your scrotum. They make sperm and sex hormones, particularly testosterone.
Testicles (testes)
90
the largest endocrine-related organ system
digestive tract
91
They’re part of your urinary system, but they also produce hormones, like erythropoietin and renin.
kidneys
92
is part of your digestive system, but it also produces hormones, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and angiotensinogen.
liver
93
When your blood pressure rises, your heart releases two hormones called
A-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide.
94
is a temporary endocrine organ that forms during pregnancy.
placenta

ENDO (14 decks)

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