Metabolism, Genetics, Growth, Nutrition

Question 1

Transmission of genetic information. It acts as a medium for long-term storage. Capable of replication

Contains nitrogenous bases
cytosine, guanine, adenine,
thymine

Answer 1

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 2

Transmission of the genetic code that is necessary for
protein creation from the nucleus to the ribosome. Incapable of replication

Contains nitrogenous bases
cytosine, guanine, adenine,
uracil

Answer 2

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Question 3

duplication of chormosomal DNA into daughter cell

Answer 3

Replication

Question 4

Converts DNA into RNA

Answer 4

Transcription

Question 5

Converts mRNA into a specific functional protein

Answer 5

Translation

Question 6

Triplet base of tRNA that identifies the placement of amino acid

Answer 6

Anti Codon

Question 7

Result of alteration of the original nucleotide sequence during transcription-translation process

Answer 7

Mutation

Question 8

mobile elements that often carry drug resistant genes

Answer 8

Transposons

Question 9

one of the result of mutation

Answer 9

antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

Question 10

transfer or exchange between two homologous regions of DNA

Answer 10

Genetic Recombination

Question 11

Allows cutting of incoming foreign DNA

Answer 11

Restriction Enzyme

Question 12

WHAT IS THE MECHANISMS OF GENE TRANSFER

Answer 12

o Transformation
o Transduction
o Conjugation

Question 13

Involve uptake of free/naked DNA.

• When a bacterial cell (donor) dies, the recipient uptakes the free DNA. Needs plasmid

Answer 13

TRANSFORMATION / DNA CLONING

Question 14

4 NATURALLY COMPETENT BACTERIA

Answer 14

• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Escherichia coli

Question 15

most commonly used for cloning, because it has
its own bacterial mechanism to process free/naked DNA which is
why it is resistant to multiple types of drugs.

Answer 15

Escherichia coli

Question 16

Utilize Bacteriophage

Answer 16

TRANSDUCTION

Question 17

A virus that infects bacteria

Answer 17

Bacteriophage

Question 18

Used sex Pili
Requires cell-to-cell contact
E.coli F. factor (both plasmid and X genes)

Answer 18

CONJUGATION

Question 19

3 major nutritional needs for growth of bacteria

Answer 19

50% carbon (cellular constituents)

14% Nitrogen (protein and nucleic acid)

ATP (PO4-, SO4-)

Question 20

Nutritional requirement for gowth of bacteria that utilize Co2

Answer 20

Autotrophs/Litotrophs

Phototrophs - photosynthesis

Chemolithotrophs - oxidation

Question 21

Nutritional requirement for gowth of bacteria that utilize glucose (OF pathway)

Answer 21

Heterotrophs

Question 22

Oxygen & CO2 req for Aerobes

Answer 22

15-21% Oxygen
1% CO2

Question 23

Enyme needed for anaerobes bacteria

Answer 23

Superoxide dismutase and catalase

Question 24

1. Does not require oxygen
2. May or may not require oxygen
3. Exposure leads to absence of metabolic activity

Answer 24

1. Obligate
2. Facultative
3. Aerotolerant

Question 25

oxygen requirement for Microaerophile

Answer 25

2-10% oxygen

Question 26

Example of aerobe bacteria

Answer 26

BBMP Bordetella Brucella Mycobacteria Pseudomonas

Question 27

Example of anaerobe bacteria

Answer 27

Obligate - Clostridium - Bacteroides Facultative - Enterobacteriaceae Aerotolerant - Lactobacillus - Cutibacterium

Question 28

Example of Microaerophile bacteria

Answer 28

Campylobacter Helicobacter Treponema

Question 29

CO2 requirement for aerobic and faculltative aerobic

Answer 29

0.03% CO2

Question 30

CO2 requirement for Capnophiles

Answer 30

5-10% CO2

Question 31

Example of Capnophilic bacteria

Answer 31

H. influenzae N. gonorrhoeae S. pneumoniae

Question 32

Temprature requirement for each bacteria Psycrophiles / Cryophiles (cold-loving) Mesophiles (mod-temp) Thermophiles (heat loving) Extremophiles

Answer 32

Psycrophiles / Cryophiles - 0 to -20 degree celcius (Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica) Mesophiles - 20 to 45 degree celcius (most common in lab) Thermophiles - 50 to 60 degree celcius (Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus, Sulfolobus, Pyrococcus, and Pyrodictium) Extremophiles - below earth surface (Bacillus infernus; strict anaerobe)

Question 33

PH requirement for each bacteria Acidophile Neutrophile Alkalopile

Answer 33

Acidophile (5.5) - Picrophilus , Sulfolobus Neutrophile (5.5 - 8.0) - most significant bacteria Alkalopile (8.5 - 11.5) - Bacillus alcalophilus, Natronobacterium

Question 34

What do they require and its example Halophiles Barophiles Fastidious

Answer 34

Halophiles - salt (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) Barophiles - pressure (Photobacterium, Shewanella, and Colwellia) Fastidious - gorwth factor (haemophilus influenzae)

Question 35

insulated and enclosed device that provides an optimal condition of temp and humidity for growth of organisms

Answer 35

Bacterial incubators (Gaspak Jar and Incubator)

Question 36

What is the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 36

LaLoStD LAG phase - no cell division and increase in cell mass, the adjustment phase LOG phase - biochem testing, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, logarithmic cell division Stationary Phase - sporulation and antibiotic synthesis, growth cessation, slow metabolic activity Death Phase - toxic waste generation, the cell dies