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Biomolecular Mechanisms > Metabolism- Glycolysis > Flashcards

Metabolism- Glycolysis Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of metabolism?

A

Cells need a source of energy

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2
Q

Where is the energy provided from?

A

Electrons with negative redox potential (high energy electrons

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3
Q

What do cells need in order to build cellular components?

A

Carbon

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4
Q

What equation makes up metabolism?

A

Catabolism + anabolism

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5
Q

Give the components of catabolism

A
  • Large complex organic molecules are decomposed into small molecules
  • Degradative
  • Oxidative
  • Energy is liberated
  • Converging
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6
Q

Give the components of anabolism

A
  • Large complex organic molecules are constructed from small molecules
  • Biosynthetic
  • Reductive
  • Energy is required
  • Diverging
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7
Q

What is oxidation and reduction in terms of loss and gain of electrons?

A

Oxidation is loss

Reduction is gain

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8
Q

As one molecule is oxidised, another one is reduced. What is the term used for this?

A

Redox pair

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9
Q

In order of functional groups what groups are in most reduced state and highest free energy. Highest to lowest

A

Alkane -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid -> carbon dioxide

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10
Q

What does glucose oxidation release?

A

Energy

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11
Q

What are oxidised to release high energy electrons?

A

Organic compounds

- carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids

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12
Q

What do organic cofactors act as?

A

Electron carriers

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13
Q

What happens to a terminal electron acceptor?

A

Its reduced

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14
Q

Definition of enzyme

A

Proteins that catalyse the conversion of a substrate into a product

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15
Q

Name the different classes of enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases
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16
Q

More than half of all organic carbon is in what two polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Cellulose

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17
Q

What is glucose oxidised to?

A

CO2 and H20

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18
Q

What cell types require glucose as energy source?

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A

Erythrocytes
Retina
Renal medulla
Brain

19
Q

What is the formula of glucose?

20
Q

What is the three carbon sugar called?

Study These Flashcards
A

Glyceraldehyde

21
Q

What are the pentoses called?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ribose

Deoxyribose

22
Q

What are the hexoses called?

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A

Mannose
Galactose
Fructose

23
Q

What does an alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage result in?

24
Q

What does an alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage result in?

25
What does a beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage result in?
Cellobiose
26
Name the polysaccharides
Cellulose | Starch and glycogen
27
Name the three intracellular stages of metabolism
- Acetyl-CoA production - Acetyl-CoA oxidation - Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
28
How does glucose transport into the cell?
Via Na+/glucose symporters
29
Where is GLUT1,2,3,4 and 5 (glucose transporters) located in the body?
``` 1- Brain 2- Liver, pancreatic B cells 3- Brain 4- Muscle, adipose tissue 5- Gut ```
30
What happens to GLUT1 when glucose binds to it?
Triggers a conformational change so that the binding site faces inwards
31
Give the overall reaction pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + NAD+ -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H20 + 2H20 + 2NADH + 2H+
32
Describe stage 1 of glycolysis
Glucose is trapped and destabilised
33
Describe stage 2 of glycolysis
Two interconvertible three-carbon molecules are formed
34
Describe stage 3 of glycolysis
Generation of ATP
35
What are the two major cellular needs in glycolysis?
Production of ATP | Provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions
36
What is a potential control point in glycolysis?
Enzymes catalyzing essentially irreversible reactions
37
What are the three irreversible/controlled reactions in glycolysis?
Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase
38
What is the key enzyme in the control of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase
39
Show the reaction for phosphofructokinase
fructose 6-phosphate + ATP -> fructose 1,6-biphosphate + ADP + H+
40
What are the negative modulators in glycolysis?
- ATP - Citrate (early intermediate in KREBS, biosynthetic precursors are abundant) - H+ (prevents excessive formation of lactic acid)
41
What are the positive modulators in glycolysis?
- AMP | - fructose 2,6-biphosphate
42
What does it mean if all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP?
the cell is fully charged
43
What does it mean when the cell only contains AMP and PI?
The cells is discharged
44
Why is AMP and not ADP the postive regulator?
Adenylate kinase can salvage some of the energy in ADP | 2ADP -> ATP + AMP

Biomolecular Mechanisms (17 decks)

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