Metabolism HARD Flashcards
What happens when ATP get broken down?
It produces ADP and Pi, which can be used to supply energy.
Define oxidative phosphorylation.
When energy released during oxidation powers phosphorylation (addition of a phosphoryl group). This couples these reactions.
What are the differences between NADH and FADH2? Why?
NADH produces 3 ATP in ETC, FADH2 produces 2. This is because NADH enters complex 1, and FADH2 enters complex 2 - requiring more energy to go farther.
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration that can occur?
Lactic acid fermentation (animals) and alcohol fermentation (yeast).
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
Occurs when pyruvate is REDUCED and LOSES, forming LA. NADH is oxidized, forming NAD+.
When can lactic acid be utilized in cellular respiration?
Lactic acid —> glucose in the Liver. This then undergoes glycolysis.
What happens in alcohol fermentation?
Pyruvatic acid and (H+) create byproducts that decompose into ETHANOL and NAD+.
Describe how the proton gradient is established in photosystem II
Protons pumped from stroma into thylakoid, creating a concentration gradient along the thylakoid membrane.
Describe how the proton gradient is established in cellular respiration
Electrons are transferred along ETC. as electrons lose energy, protons re pumped from one side of membrane to the other.
How does cyanide affect cellular respiration?
Cyanide bonds with a key enzyme in the ETC (cytochrome c oxidase), preventing transfer of electrons to oxygen. This prevents oxidative phosphorylation and blocks ATP production.
What would elevate in a cyanide poisoning victim?
NADH - electrons can no longer be transferred to oxygen to regenerate NAD+.
How does DNP disrupt ATP production?
Causing a proton leak that bypasses ATP synthase. This uncouples ATP production from oxidative phosphorylation.
