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Board Review - B - Biochemistry > Metabolism II > Flashcards

Metabolism II Flashcards

1
Q

ATP from NADH

A

2.5

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2
Q

ATP from FADH2

A

1.5

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3
Q

FADH2 electrons

A

to complex II of ETC

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4
Q

NADH electrons

A

to complex I of ETC

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5
Q

rotenone

A

inhibit complex I of ETC

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6
Q

antimycin A

A

inhibit complex III of ETC

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7
Q

cyaninde

A

inhibit complex IV of ETC

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8
Q

CO

A

inhibit complex IV of ETC

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9
Q

oligomycin

A

inhibit ATP synthase of ETC

-complex V

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10
Q

2,4 - dinitrophenol

A

uncoupling agent

illegal use of weight loss drug

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11
Q

aspirin and ETC

A

uncoupling agent

fever with aspirin OD

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12
Q

thermogenin

A

brown fat component -babies and hibernating animals

uncoupling agent - heat production

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13
Q

gluconeogenesis irreversible enzymes

A

pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate > OAA

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
OAA > PEP

fructose 1,6 bisphoshatase (inhibited fructose 2,6 BP)
fructose 1,6 BP > fructose 6 P

glucose 6 phosphatase
glucose 6 P > glucose

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14
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

occur in liver

-maintain euglycemia during fasting

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15
Q

HMP shunt

A

produce NADPH

from glucose 6-P

G6PD - rate limiting enzyme
-inhibited by NADPH - feedback inhibition

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16
Q

rxns of HMP shunt

A

oxidative - irreversible - source of NADPH

nonoxidative - reversible

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17
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

X-linked recessive

NADPH necessary to keep glutathione reduced

low NADPH - hemolytic anemia
-poor RBC defense against oxidizing agents

fava beans, sulfa drugs, primaquin, TB drugs, infection

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18
Q

G6PD deficiency epidemiology

A

blacks, X-linked recessive

protection against malaria

19
Q

heinz bodies

A

denatured Hb in RBC precipitate

in G6PD deficiency

20
Q

bite cells

A

G6PD deficiency

macrophages in spleen remove heinz bodies from RBCs

21
Q

essential fructosuria

A

benign - auto rec - often asymptomatic

deficient fructokinase

22
Q

deficient fructokinase

A

essential fructosuria- often asymptomatic

23
Q

fructose intolerance

A

deficient aldolase B - conversion fructose 1-P - accumulates
-auto rec

sx after have fructose or sucrose (glucose + fructose)

hypoglycemia, jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting

24
Q

avoid with fructose intolerance

A

fructose
sucrose (glucose and fructose)

aldolase B deficiency

25
Q

galactokinase deficiency

A

galactitol accumulate

  • mild condition
  • auto rec

galactose in blood, infantile cataracts

26
Q

classic galactosemia

A

absence of galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase
-auto rec

accumulation toxic substances - galactitol - in lens of eye

failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infant cataracts, intellect disability, E. coli sepsis

tx - no galactose or lactose (galactose and glucose)

27
Q

deficiency in galactose 1 P uridyltransferase

A

classic galactosemia

accumulation of galactitol - lens of eye

28
Q

sorbitol

A

alcohol counterpart of glucose

enzyme - aldose reductase - glucose > sorbitol

then convert sorbitol > fructose (sorbitol DH)

29
Q

deficiency sorbitol DH

A

no sorbitol > fructose
-sorbitol accumulation

osmotic damage - cataract, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy

30
Q

high blood levels of galactose

A

result in conversion to osmotically active galactitol

aldose reductase

31
Q

lactase deficiency

A

function on brush border - digest lactose > glucose and galactose

primary - age dependent decline after childhood

secondary - loss brush border - gastroenteritis, autoimmune

congenital - rare - defective gene

32
Q

bloating, cramps, flatulence, osmotic diarrhea, decreased stool pH, hydrogen increase in breath lactose tolerance test

A

lactase deficiency

33
Q

protein AAs

A

only L-amino acids

34
Q

ketogenic AAs

A

leucine

lysine

35
Q

acidic AAs

A

aspartic acid
glutamic acid

negative charge at body pH

36
Q

basic AAs

A

arginine
lysine
histidine - no charge at body pH

37
Q

AAs in histones

A

positive charge arginine and lysine

bind negatively charged DNA

38
Q

required periods of growth

A

Arg and His

39
Q

gluconeogenic AAs

A

methionine
valine
histidine

40
Q

excess nitrogen

A

converted to urea - excreted by kidney

41
Q

ammonia transport

A

alanine and glutamate

42
Q

glutamate

A

converted to a-KG

43
Q

amino acid

A

converted to a-ketoacid

Board Review - B - Biochemistry (13 decks)

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