Metabolism - V

Question 1

what are amphibolic pathways

Answer 1

can run in both directions for metabolism & anabolism

Question 2

what is the reverse EMP called ? the reverse PPP?

Answer 2

reverse EMP = gluconeogenesis
reverse PPP= calvin benson cycle

Question 3

anabolism produces ___ precursor metabolites

Answer 3

12 ~ used to build all cell bio molecules

Question 4

3 characteristics of precursor metabolites

Answer 4

• small organic molecules
• used in anabolic pathways
• produced by catabolic pathways OR fixation pathways

Question 5

the carbon cycle importance

Answer 5

• we need organic carbon to form bio molecules
• we use fossil fuels for energy

~ increase carbon causes global warming

Question 6

autotrophy = ____ _____ and it mainly happens thru…….. to produce….

Answer 6

autotrophy = carbon fixation

mainly happens thru the calvin benson cycle or reverse TCA to produce precursor metabolites

Question 7

carbon fixation (autotrophy) occurs in ______ and generates what

Answer 7

carboxysomes
- generates organic carbon

Question 8

3 phases of calvin benson cycle

Answer 8

1. Carboxylation Phase
   ~ CO2 added to a RuBP (Ribulose 1,5 biphosphate)
   ~ splits into two 3 carbon molecules
2. Reduction Phase
   ~ NADPH used (oxidized) to reduce PGA ( 3-phosphoglycerate) into G3P
   ~ energy from ATP
3. Regeneration Phase (Reverse PPP)
   ~ RuBP reformed so cycle can continue
   ~ energy from ATP
   ~ products = precursor metabolites and G3P

Question 9

reverse TCA cycle

Answer 9

consumes ATP, CO2 and NADH to produce acetyl CoA (pre cursor metabolite)

Question 10

why is the nitrogen cycle important

Answer 10

humans:
- use N based fertilizers to grow crops
- used in cleaners, dyes

microbes:
- synthesis of bio molecules requires amine groups
- some use nitrogen as a source of energy

Question 11

Haber process

Answer 11

allows humans to form ammonia from N and H gas using an inorganic catalyst

Question 12

nitrification vs nitrogen fixation

Answer 12

nitrification
- catabolic
= produces ATP, reducing power
~ nitrogen is oxidized

nitrogen fixation
- anabolic
= requires ATP, reducing power
~ nitrogen is reduced

Question 13

what do cells use to build their bio molecules

Answer 13

ammonia (NH3)

Question 14

____ groups are required to incorporate nitrogen into biomolecules

Answer 14

amine groups

Question 15

dissimilatory nitrogen reduction

Answer 15

catabolic
- produces ATP
- produces reducing power (NADH & NADPH)

produces reduced nitrogen products that are usually excreted (NOT assimilated/incorperated)

Question 16

assimilatory nitrogen reduction

Answer 16

anabolic
- consumes ATP
- consumes reducing power (NADH & NADPH)

produces amine groups which can be incorporated/ assimilated into biomolecules and biomass of cell

Question 17

3 ways to get large amounts of metabolites

Answer 17

1. farm animals organism that produces it naturally
2. learn how to produce it industrially
3. engineer an organism to make it