Metalanguage

Question 1

Noun

Answer 1

types: proper, collective, abstract, concrete/common, count, non-count
common suffixes: -tion, -cian, -sion, -ness, -ment, -dom, -age, -ance, -ence, -ism
can be preceded by a determiner
can be pluralised

Question 2

Verb

Answer 2

lexical = main/carries meaning
–> common suffixes: -ise, -use
–> can change tense
auxiliary: to be, to have, to do
modal: could, can, should, shall, would, will, may, might, must, ought

Question 3

Adjective

Answer 3

describes a noun
can inflect comparative -er/ superlative -est
must be tied to a noun
must describe a quality of the noun
common suffixes: -ic, -al, -able, -ible, -an/ian, -ful, -y, -ive, -ly
(det)___noun or noun is ___

Question 4

Adverb

Answer 4

describe a verb or an adjective
time, manner, place, degree, frequency
common suffixes: -ly, -ily, -wards, -wise
e.g: Yesterday, not, quickly, well, here, very, often, seldom, weekly
IF IN DOUBT = ADVERB

Question 5

Pronoun

Answer 5

replace/ stand in for a noun –> cannot be followed by a noun
first, second, third person
personal, plural, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, reflexive, indefinite
e.g: I, me, we, us, it, you, he, she, they, this, that, those, these, who, whom, which, myself, yourself, something, someone, anything, everybody, no-one

Question 6

Determiner

Answer 6

before nouns
in/definite articles, numbers, demonstrative, possessive, quantity
can have 1+ in a row (e.g phrase: a person’s name)
e.g: the, a/an, some, many, each, your, my, noun’s, this

Question 7

Interjection

Answer 7

emotional meaning, stands outside the sentence, more likely to appear in speech or a narration
e.g: oh, oi, wow, yuck, shhh, hooray, shit

Question 8

Conjunction

Answer 8

co-ordinating:
join together two main/ independent clauses
join together two nouns or adjectives
e.g: FANBOYS

sub-ordinating:
join together main/ independent clause and sub-ordinate/ dependent clause
e.g: because, however, although, as, whereas, before, since, after, if, that

Question 9

Preposition

Answer 9

shows the relationship and position between two nouns
cannot change form–> no pre/suffixes
mostly between noun phrases
‘like’/ ‘as’ in similes = prepositions
e.g: up, with, of, through, around, beside, at, in

Question 10

Prosodic features

Answer 10

Volume, Intonation, Pitch, Stress, Tempo

Question 11

Sentence types

Answer 11

Declaratives:
declare, declaration, statement–> provide info or observations
form= SV(X)
Interrogatives:
interrogate, interrogation, question
form= (question word+) inversion of subject and auxiliary
Imperatives:
‘imperare’= to command –> to give direct orders/ instructions
form= omitted (but implied) 2nd person subject/ V(X)
Exclamatives:
form= what/ how + declarative
–> no inversion of subject and auxiliary

Question 12

Sentence structures

Answer 12

Simple:
must have a subject and verb that agree with 1 VP
Compound:
formed by joining 2+ ICs
–> 2+ VPs joined with c/cs or a ;
Complex:
formed by joining an IC and 1+ DC –> 2+ VPs
Compound-complex:
formed by joining 2+ ICs and 1+ DC –> 3+ VPs

Question 13

Transitivity

Question 14

Direct/Indirect object

Question 15

Copular verb

Question 16

Doublespeak

Question 17

Tense and aspect

Question 18

Finiteness

Question 19

Subsystems

Question 20

Affixation

Question 21

Phrases

Question 22

That

Question 23

Clauses

Question 24

Sense relations

Question 25

Word formation processes

Question 26

Connotation/denotation

Question 27

Euphemism/dysphemism

Question 28

Patterning

Question 29

Connected speech processes

Question 30

Social purposes

Question 31

Purpose verbs

Question 32

Manner of articulation

Question 33

Place of articulation

Question 34

Place of articulation

Question 35

Voicing

Question 36

Pitch

Answer 36

high= excitement, uncertainty, question, hold floor low= serious, pass floor, assertion, confidence either= mood, emotion

Question 37

Volume

Answer 37

loud= draw attention, anger, confidence, emphasis quiet= secrets, shy, taboo either= emotion, physical context

Question 38

Stress

Answer 38

uses= importance, certainty, draw attention, emotion, entertain (punchline in joke), memorability, highlight meaning

Question 39

Tempo

Answer 39

faster= excitement/enthusiasm, taboo, urgency slower= hold floor, stalling, claret/understanding, thinking either= to obfuscate, emotion

Question 40

Intonation

Answer 40

rising= ask question, hold floor, fill time falling= pass floor, end of an idea

Question 41

Initialisms

Answer 41

Words formed from the initials of other words, where you say each letter individually. e.g. PTO, OMG, FML, WTF

Question 42

Compounding

Answer 42

Two or more free morphemes combined inn their entirety to make one word. e.g holiday, breakfast, carport, download, desktop

Question 43

Blends

Answer 43

Words formed by joining more than one lexeme, where one or both have been shortened. e.g. blog, chillax, infomercial, cankle

Question 44

Shortenings

Answer 44

Part(s) are omitted, usually from the end of the lexeme. e.g. sec(ond), min(ute), prob(lem), goth(ic)

Question 45

Backformation

Answer 45

New lexemes formed by 'subtracting' an affix that's thought to be part of the other word e.g burgle from burglar, televise from television, beg from beggar

Question 46

Neologism

Answer 46

A newly created word e.g. influencer, selfie, cheugy

Question 47

Borrowing

Answer 47

A word is borrowed into English from another language. e.g. kayak, whiskey, yoghurt, salsa, ramen

Question 48

Collocation

Answer 48

Words which 'go together' e.g. merry Christmas, spic and span, cheeky monkey

Question 49

Contraction

Answer 49

don't, won't can't, might've

Question 50

Collocation

Answer 50

When a brand name comes to be used as the general term e.g. Kleenex, band-aid, google, aspirin, biro, Panadol

Question 51

Figurative language

Answer 51

Language that is not literal in meaning e.g. Irony, simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron, pun, idiom

Question 52

Diminutive endings

Answer 52

Add -ie, -y, or -o to the end of a word e.g. servo, doggie, u-ey

Question 53

Active/passive voice

Answer 53

Active= SVO or SV(X) word order Passive= SVA or SV(X) word order --> subject of the original sentence becomes the agent, usually introduced with 'by'/ a 'by' phrase

Question 54

Finding the voice

Answer 54

1. find VP 2. find subject 3. decide if subject is 'doing' the verb 4. check for a 'to be' auxiliary 5. check for a 'by' phrase

Question 55

Elipsis

Answer 55

A syntactic construction where there are grammatical elements that have been omitted --> elipsis= can tell what has been omitted e.g. (Do you) Wanna go out for lunch? --> fragment= cannot tell/ too many options e.g. Boy! results in informality and cohesion

Question 56

Finiteness

Answer 56

1st verb indicates tense --> 1 verb indicates past/present --> 'will' indicates future -ing indicates aspect not tense -ed only sometimes indicates tense Finite verbs inflect for tense, person, number to agree with subject (every IC has a finite verb) NFVs do not Modal verbs are finite but do not inflect