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English Language > Metalanguage from Year 11 > Flashcards

Metalanguage from Year 11 Flashcards

useful for year 12 (84 cards)

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1
Q

What is phonetics?

A

The study of how we make speech sounds and how we organise these sounds.

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

The study of the patterns that speech sounds form within a language.

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3
Q

What are the four connected speech processes?

A
  • Assimilation
  • Vowel reduction
  • Elision
  • Insertion
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4
Q

Define assimilation in connected speech.

A

When a speech sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound.

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5
Q

What is vowel reduction?

A

Vowels in unstressed syllables become less distinct and are reduced to a more central vowel, typically a schwa /ə/.

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6
Q

What is elision?

A

The omission of a sound or syllable in spoken language.

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7
Q

What does insertion refer to in connected speech?

A

The addition of sounds for ease of pronunciation.

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8
Q

What are prosodic features of speech?

A
  • Pitch
  • Intonation
  • Stress
  • Tempo
  • Volume
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9
Q

Define pitch in prosodic features.

A

The relative height of auditory sound, ranging between high and low.

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10
Q

What is intonation?

A

The patterns of pitch variation across phrases, clauses, and sentences.

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11
Q

What does stress refer to in speech?

A

The intensity placed upon a syllable within a word.

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12
Q

What is tempo in the context of speech?

A

The pace (speed) with which an intonation unit is delivered.

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13
Q

What does volume refer to in speech?

A

The relative increase or decrease in decibels across an intonation unit.

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14
Q

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

A

A system of symbols used to represent the sounds in human speech.

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15
Q

What is morphology?

A

The study of words and their parts.

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16
Q

What are morphemes?

A

The smallest units of meaning within a word.

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17
Q

List the word formation processes.

A
  • Affixation
  • Abbreviation
  • Shortening
  • Compounding
  • Blending
  • Backformation
  • Conversion of word class
  • Initialism
  • Acronym
  • Contraction
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18
Q

Define affixation.

A

The use of affixes (prefixes or suffixes) to create new words.

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19
Q

What is an abbreviation?

A

Shortened forms of words or phrases.

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20
Q

What is compounding?

A

The process of joining two or more whole words to create a single word.

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21
Q

Define blending in terms of word formation.

A

The process of combining two or more words, where at least one word has been abbreviated.

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22
Q

What is backformation?

A

Creating a new word by removing what is falsely perceived to be an affix from an existing word.

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23
Q

What is conversion of word class?

A

Changing the class or role of a word without changing its morphology.

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24
Q

Define initialism.

A

A form of abbreviation formed by taking the first letters of words and pronouncing them as letters.

An initialism is an abbreviation formed from the first letters of words

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25
What is an acronym?
A form of abbreviation formed by taking the first letter of each word and pronouncing them as a new word.
26
What is a contraction?
A word formed by removing some letters from words and marking the missing letters with an apostrophe.
27
What is lexicology?
The study of words and how they behave within a language.
28
List the word classes studied in English Language.
* Nouns * Pronouns * Verbs * Auxiliary verbs * Adjectives * Adverbs * Prepositions * Conjunctions * Determiners * Interjections
29
What are nouns?
Words that name places, people, things, qualities, ideas, or concepts.
30
Define pronouns.
Words that replace nouns and noun phrases within a sentence.
31
What are verbs?
Words that express actions, states, or occurrences.
32
What is an auxiliary verb?
A 'helping' verb that supports the main verb of a sentence.
33
List the primary auxiliary verbs in English.
* be * have * do
34
What are modal auxiliary verbs?
Verbs that express possibility, ability, intent, obligation, or necessity.
35
What are adjectives?
Words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns.
36
What do adverbs modify?
Verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or entire sentences.
37
What is the role of prepositions?
Words used before nouns, pronouns, or phrases to indicate direction, time, or place.
38
What do coordinators do?
Link words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank.
39
What are subordinators?
Words that introduce subordinate clauses and link them to main clauses.
40
What are determiners?
Words placed in front of nouns to clarify, specify quantity, or indicate possession.
41
What are interjections?
Words or phrases that express emotions.
42
What is a neologism?
A newly coined word or expression.
43
What are borrowings in linguistics?
Words adopted from one language into another.
44
Define commonisation.
The process by which proper nouns become common nouns.
45
What is nominalisation?
The process of changing words (usually verbs or adjectives) into nouns.
46
What is syntax?
The study of how words are ordered into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
47
What is a phrase?
A group of words that acts as a single unit within a sentence.
48
What is a clause?
A group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.
49
What is the difference between an independent clause and a dependent clause?
An independent clause can form a complete sentence; a dependent clause cannot.
50
What are the two main categories of clauses?
* Independent clause * Dependent clause
51
What is the subject of a clause?
The person, place, thing or idea performing the action or being described.
52
In the sentence 'the cat sleeps', what is the subject?
'the cat'
53
What does the predicate tell us in a clause?
What the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject.
54
In 'the flowers are blooming', what is the predicate?
'are blooming'
55
What is an object in a clause?
The entity affected by the action of the subject.
56
What is the difference between a direct object and an indirect object?
* Direct object: Receives the action of the verb directly * Indirect object: Indirectly affected by the action, typically represents to whom or for whom the action is done
57
What is a complement?
A word or group of words that completes the meaning of a predicate.
58
What are the two main types of complements?
* Subject complements * Object complements
59
What is an adverbial?
A word, phrase, or clause that provides extra information about a verb.
60
Where can adverbials appear in a sentence?
At the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence.
61
What is the purpose of combining clauses?
To vary sentence structure, provide appropriate information, and reduce repetition.
62
What is a sentence?
A set of words that expresses a complete thought, typically consisting of a subject and a predicate.
63
What are the four types of sentences in English?
* Declarative sentence * Interrogative sentence * Imperative sentence * Exclamative sentence
64
What is a simple sentence?
Contains one independent clause.
65
What is a compound sentence?
Consists of two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinator.
66
What is a complex sentence?
Includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause connected by a subordinator.
67
What is a compound-complex sentence?
Contains at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinator and at least one dependent clause joined by a subordinator.
68
What is a fragment sentence?
An incomplete sentence missing either the subject or the predicate.
69
What does discourse refer to?
Written or spoken texts that are longer than a sentence.
70
What is pragmatics?
The study of how language is used within a given context.
71
What are paralinguistic features?
Elements of communication outside of the actual words used, essential for conveying meaning and emotion.
72
What are vocal effects?
Variations in voice quality that convey information or emotion.
73
What is whispering?
A form of speech where the vocal cords do not vibrate, producing a breathy and soft sound.
74
What does laughter convey?
Amusement, happiness, or sometimes nervousness.
75
What is non-verbal communication?
Aspects of body language that contribute meaning in communication.
76
What are gestures?
Movements of the hands, arms, or other parts of the body that communicate ideas or emotions.
77
What role do facial expressions play in communication?
They convey emotions and reactions.
78
What does eye contact indicate?
Attention, interest, confidence, or aggression.
79
What is creakiness also known as?
Vocal fry.
80
What is breathiness in voice?
A quality of voice with a noticeable presence of breath.
81
What does semantics involve?
The study of understanding and meaning in communication.
82
What are the two parts of a sign in the relationship of meaning and sign?
* Signifier: The physical form of the sign * Signified: The concept that the signifier represents
83
What is a semantic domain?
A specific area of meaning and the set of words and expressions that have related meanings.
84
What is inference?
The process of drawing a logical conclusion from one or more statements or facts.

English Language (2 decks)

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