Methods

Question 1

What is methods?

Answer 1

• How a study is done
• tools → data collection
• Explanation (who, how, what, when, where, why)
• detailed & procedural

Question 2

Types of studies

Answer 2

Experiments and correlation studies

Question 3

Experiments

Answer 3

• testing a hypothesis
• Variables
• Manipulation of Ind
• control group
• Randomization

Question 4

Manipulation

Answer 4

Can start to apply causality

Question 5

Control group t randomization

Answer 5

Experiments don’t need but makes more certain of causality

Question 6

Control group

Answer 6

• keep the same/usual care
• group to compare experimental group
• helps strengthen causality of Ind →dep
• Difficult to control humans - always error

Question 7

Randomization

Answer 7

• no pattern
• prevents bias
• group = group (don’t want groups too different from eachother)

Question 8

Types of randomization

Answer 8

Fixed:
- Simple
- Block
- stratified

Adaptive:
- outcome adaptive
- minimization

Question 9

Simple type

Answer 9

Patient allocation is based on a single sequence of random assignments

Question 10

Stratified type

Answer 10

Patients are grouped according to prognostic variables, then randomized in separate strata

Question 11

Block type

Answer 11

Patients are first allocated to blocks, then randomized w/in blocks

Question 12

Outcome Adaptive type

Answer 12

Patient allocation probabilities charge throughout the trial according to incoming results/health outcome data

Question 13

Minimization type

Answer 13

Allocation depends on previous allocations, in a way that as to minimize covariate imbalance

Question 14

Advantages of simple type

Answer 14

Simple to use, unpredictable

Question 15

Disadvantages of simple type

Answer 15

Not equal size trials at all times, can’t assure balance on outcome predictors, especially in small trials.

Question 16

Advantages of block type

Answer 16

Equal size trial at all this

Question 17

Disadvantages of block type

Answer 17

Assignment may be predicted if small size blocks that don’t vary are used, especially if binding can’t be implemented. Can’t assure balance on outcome predictors, especially in small trials

Question 18

Advantages of stratified type

Answer 18

Equal site trial if combined W / blocking. Assure balance on outcome predictors, especially in small trials

Question 19

Disadvantages of stratified type

Answer 19

Danger for overstratification o imbalances due to incomplete blocks. Prediction of allocation when small site blocks in unblind trial is possible

Question 20

Drawing research design

Answer 20

R- random
NR- non random
O-observation
X-treatment

Question 22

Correlation studies

Answer 22

• Examine relationship between variables
• meaningful associations

Question 23

Correlation

Answer 23

Not = causation

Question 24

Branford hill criteria

Answer 24

Criteria that has to be met to assume causation
-Strength
- Consistency
- specificity
- temporality
- biological gradient
- plausibility
- Coherence
- experiment
- analogy

Question 25

T-test

Answer 25

If there is a lot of overlap in variance, they are not significantly different

Question 26

Pvalue > 0.5

Answer 26

No diff between data sets

Question 27

Pvalue < 0.5

Answer 27

Diff between datasets

Question 28

Sampling

Answer 28

- Represent population -Demographic ranges (inclusion and exclusion criteria)

Question 29

Size

Answer 29

Population: N Sample: n

Question 30

Mean

Answer 30

Population: u Sample: x bar

Question 31

Standard deviation

Answer 31

Population: o Sample: s

Question 32

Look for assessment that

Answer 32

- reasonable Q count - not complicated to use - reliability and validity - evidence based - normative valves to put people in categories

Question 33

Qualitative analysis

Answer 33

Descriptive, open-ended, and narrative data

Question 34

Reliability and validity

Answer 34

Consistency and accuracy

Question 35

How to get qualitative analysis

Answer 35

Surveys, interview, focus groups, existing documents

Question 36

Steps of qualitative research

Answer 36

1. Research Q 2. Researcher's role 3. data collection 4. Analysis 5. Interpret 6. Validity and reliability 7. Report

Question 37

Researchers role

Answer 37

Directly involved and biases

Question 38

Data collection

Answer 38

Needs to be private and protected Ex: video, audio, text

Question 39

Saturation

Answer 39

Continue to do interview until not getting New info

Question 40

Analysis

Answer 40

Descriptive (frequencies) and themes (patterns)

Question 41

Logintudinal studies

Answer 41

Repeated observations of same variables over time

Question 42

Cohort studies

Answer 42

Follows group of people over time to see is an expose is linked to health outcome Cohort They share common characteristics Cohort compared to similar group that was not exposed to factor Several years

Question 43

Cross sectional studies

Answer 43

Collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

Question 44

Retrospective studies

Answer 44

Analyzes past data to answer questions about future Analyzes why something happened Info is collected about past

Question 45

Prospective studies

Answer 45

Follows people over time to see how factors affect outcomes Follows people from present moment to see how future events will develop Data collection as events happen

Question 46

Case control studies

Answer 46

Compares people w/ condition to people w/out condition