METHODS OF REPRESSION & ENFORCEMENT Flashcards
What were the four main tools of repression used by all rulers?
- Secret Police.
- The Army.
- Propaganda.
- Censorship.
What did AII replace the ‘Third Section’ with? Why?
The ‘softer’ Okhrana in line with his reformist inclinations.
What did AII do to the powers of the Okhrana in the 1880s?
Enhanced them to counter the growth of political pressure groups and parties.
When was the Okhrana disbanded?
In February 1917 by the PG as part of a more relaxed policy towards political dissidents.
What did the relative stability of the 1890s do to the power of the Okhrana? Why and when did this change?
Took a lower profile in the 1890s.
Activity increased as the SRs and SDs took off, reaching a peak in 1905.
When was the Cheka established? Who headed it?
December 1917.
Headed by Polish Communist, Dzerzhinsky.
What had the Cheka began to do by summer 1917?
Clamp down on left-wing SRs, especially after they were linked with an attempt to assassinate Lenin in August 1918.
Under the guidance of Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky, what did the Cheka formally implement?
The Red Terror.
What were the five things the Cheka enforced?
War Communism, the ‘Labour Code’, the elimination of the kulaks, the administration of labour camps and the militarisation of labour.
When was the NKVD formed? To do what?
1934.
To combat opposition to Stalin’s personal dictatorship.
Which two Bolsheviks headed the NKVD?
Yagoda and later Yezhov.
What was the NKVD crucial in?
The imposition of the purges and gathering evidence against high-rank Communists (as shown in the trial of 16).
How many NKVD members had been purged by the start of WW2?
20,000
What was the NKVD replaced with in 1943?
The People’s Commissariat for State Security (NKGB)
What two bodies was the NKGB split into?
The MGB and the MVD.
When did the MGB and MVD merge? Who had control over this?
In 1953. Control of this body remained in the hands of Beria, until he was executed by Khrushchev.
As part of the de-Stalinisation process what two organisations was the MVD turned into?
The refined version of the MVD, responsible for ‘ordinary’ criminal acts.
The KGB which was to focus on internal and external security, vital during Cold War.
By 1960 how any counter-revolutionaries were in captivity?
About 11,000, a far cry from the 1930s and 1940s.
What led to the army having an enhanced role under AIII?
Russification.
When did the excessive use of military force cause outrage?
Particularly Bloody Sunday, 1905.
