Mga Karamdaman

Question 1

Precursor B and T Cell Neoplasms

Answer 1

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Question 2

Acute Lung Injury Definition

Answer 2

Abrupt
Significant Hypoxemia
Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrates
Absence of Heart Failure

Question 3

Atelectasis Definition

Answer 3

Pulmonary Collapse

(1) Neonatal Failure to Expand
(2) Collapse of Previously Expanded Lung

Question 4

Mga Uri ng Atelektasis

Answer 4

(1) Resorption 2’ to complete airway obstruction
(2) Compressive due to the presence of liquid or gas in the pleural space
(3) Contraction due to fibrosis that prevents full lung expansion

Question 5

Conditions Associated with ARDS

Answer 5

Sepsis
Diffuse Infection
Gastric Aspiration

Mechanical Trauma
Near Drowning
Pulmo Contusion
Fat Embolism due to Fx
Ionizing Radiation
Burns

Barbiturates
Heroin
Aspirin
Paraquat

Smoke
O2 Excess

Pancreatitis

Uremia

Question 6

Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

Answer 6

Increased resistance to airflow

COPD
Asthma
Bronchiectasis

Question 7

Restrictive Lung Diseases

Answer 7

Reduced expansion, decreasing total lung capacity

(1) Chest Wall Disorders
- Poliomyelitis, other neuromuscular
- Kyphoscoliosis
- Severe Obesity
- Pleural Disease

(2) Interstitial Lung Diseases
- Pneumoconiosis

Question 8

Kahulugan ng Enfisema

Answer 8

Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole (i.e. acinus) with concomitant destruction of the walls without obvious fibrosis

Question 9

Mga Uri ng Enfisema

Answer 9

1. Centriacinar
2. Panacinar
3. Paraseptal
4. Irregular

Question 10

Larawan ng COPD

Answer 10

1. Enfisema
2. Bronquitis Crónico
3. Enfermedad de Bronquiolitos

Question 11

α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Answer 11

Characterized by unchecked neutrophil elastase activity leading to the destruction of elastic components of the lung parenchyma. Eventual loss of elastic tethering and recoil leads to airway obstruction

Question 12

Collateral Airflow in Emphysema

Answer 12

Pores of Kohn

Canals of Lambert

Question 13

Bullous Emphysema

Answer 13

Large subpleural blebs > 1 cm in diameter when distended that may occur in any form of emphysema. Rupture may lead to Pneumothorax

Question 14

Kahulugan ng Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 14

Persistent productive cough for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years, in the absence of any other identifiable cause.

Question 15

Consequences of Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 15

1. COPD
2. Cor Pulmonale –> Heart Failure
3. Metaplasia/Dysplasia –> Cancerous Neoplasia

Question 16

Pangunahing salik sa pag-usbong ng bronquitis crónico

Answer 16

Chronic irritation by inhaled substances

(1) tobacco smoke
(2) dust from silica, grain, or cotton

Question 17

Paanong pinadadali ng paninigarilyong kumapit ang impeksyon?

Answer 17

(1) interferes with ciliary activity in respiratory epithelium
(2) direct epithelial injury
(3) interferes with leukocyte activity to clear bacteria

Question 18

Mga katangiang histolohiko ng Bronquitis Crónico

Answer 18

1. Chronic inflammation with lymphocytic predominance

2. Mucous cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy

Question 19

Ano ang Reid Index

Answer 19

Normally 0.4

Ratio between the thicknesses of the mucous gland layer and that of the distance between epithelium and cartilage

Question 20

Ano ang Hika?

Answer 20

. Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that presents as recurrent episodes of cough, wheeze, dyspnea, chest tightness that is more prominent at night or early in the morning

. The symptoms are usually associated widespread but variable bronchoconstriction and airflow limitation that is at least partially reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.

Question 21

Mga Palatandaan ng Hika

Disease Hallmarks

Answer 21

1. Airway Hyperresponsiveness
2. Episodic Bronchoconstriction
3. Chronic inflammation of the bronchial walls
4. Increased mucous production

Question 22

Status Asthmaticus

Answer 22

Severe acute paroxysms that may last for days to weeks where airflow obstruction may become so severe as to cause cyanosis or death.

Question 23

Atopic Asthma

Answer 23

Classic type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, associated with childhood sensitization, positive family history, and wheal&flare reaction on skin test.

Question 24

Non-atopic Asthma

Answer 24

Does not display the classic profile of asthmatics; associated with viral infections

Question 25

Mediators of Asthma

Answer 25

``` LT C D E Acetylcholine Histamine Prostglandin D2 Platelet Activating Factor ```

Question 26

Mga Katangian ng Airway Remodelling sa Hika

Answer 26

1. Goblet Cell Metaplasia + Subepithelial Mucous Gland Hypertrophy 2. Increased Vascularity 3. Leukocytosis 4. Smooth Muscle Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia 5. Epithelial Injury 6. Fibrosis, sub-BM deposition of Collagen I and III 7. Overall thickening of the airway wall.

Question 27

Larawang Histolohiko ng Hika a. Baga, Macroscopic b. Kalaghala

Answer 27

a. Overinflated and Overdistended, Numerous mucus plugs | b. Curschmann Spirals, Charcot-Leyden Galectin-10 Crystals, Eosinophilia

Question 28

Celiac Disease Definition

Answer 28

An immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals, such as wheat, rye, or barley, in genetically predisposed individuals.

Question 29

Celiac Disease Pathogenesis

Answer 29

Gluten, the major storage protein of wheat et al. is digested into alpha-gliadin that is resistant to degradation by gastric pancreatic and small intestinal proteases. Gliadin induces some epithelial cells to manifest IL-15, which activates CD8 T-cells that become cytotoxic and thus kill the enterocytes. Enterocyte loss allows more gliadin to be exposed to subepithelial tissue where it is deaminated by transglutaminase. This process allows gliadin to activate CD4 T-cells, causing cytokine-mediated epithelial/mucosal damage.

Question 30

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Answer 30

Pruritic, blistering skin lesion characteristic of Celiac Disease

Question 31

Celiac Disease Treatment

Answer 31

Gluten-free Diet

Question 32

Lactase Deficiency type of diarrhea

Answer 32

Absence of lactase leads to osmotic diarrhea

Question 33

Abetalipoproteinemia

Answer 33

A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the inability of lipids to egress from absorptive epithelial cells due to a mutation in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. This protein is responsible for transferring proteins to apolipoprotein B in the ER.

Question 34

Features of abetalipoproteinemia

Answer 34

Affected infants present with failure to thrive, diarrhea, and steatorrhea, as well as complete absence of lipoproteins with apolipoprotein B.

Question 35

Acanthocytes/Burr Cells

Answer 35

Erythrocytes with altered lipid membranes in abetalipoproteinemia