Mga People sa Ch.1 Flashcards by Belle Unknown

____, a Roman philosopher (98-55 B.C.), and ____, a physician (1478-1553) who believed that invisible creatures were responsible for disease

Lucretius

Girolamo Fracastoro

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who observed bees and weevils using a microscope in the early 1600s

Franscesco Stelluti

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-first to use the word cell; he observed the honeycomb-like structure in a thin slice of cork.

-One of the most important discoveries of biology occurred in 1665, with the help of a crude microscope

-stated that life’s smallest structural units were cells.

Robert Hooke

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-(1632 - 1723) was the first to report microorganisms (Royal Society of London) (Animalcules)

-His single-lens magnified 50-300X

-First to observe living microbes

-Between 1674-1723 he wrote series of papers describing his observations of bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi (Animalcules)

Anton/Antonie/Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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credited with the cell theory
* cell theory- concept that all living organisms are made up of cells

they recognized that all cells from any organism are similar in structure

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND

THEODOR SCHWANN

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people who supported the spontaneous generation theory: (aka abiogenesis)

Aristotle (384-322 BC) – Believed that simple invertebrates could arise by spontaneous generation

John Needham (1713-1781) -Boiled mutton broth, then sealed and still observed growth after a period of time

Felix Pouchet (1859) – Proved growth without contamination from air

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 Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory.

 He proposed that organism tiny
arose spontaneously on the mutton gravy.

 He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi , Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.

JOHN NEEDHAM (1713 – 1781)

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Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by ____ argued that life originated from “pre-existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.

Francesco Redi,

Lazzaro Spallanzani,

Louis Pasteur

Theodore Schwann

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Who improved upon Francesco Redi’s experiments by sealing and boiling flasks with water and seeds, preventing microbial growth as long as the flasks remained sealed.

He proposed that air carried germs, challenging the theory of spontaneous generation by suggesting microorganisms came from the air, not spontaneously

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

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 Passed air through strong acid solutions into boiled infusions. Microbes did not appear.
 His results supported Spallanzani’s observations.
 disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

FRANZ SCHULTZE (1815-1873 )

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 Passed air through cotton stoppers into flasks; the microbes were filtered by the cotton fibers so that growth did not occur even though the air had not been heated.

GEORG FRIEDRICH SCHRÖDER
AND THEODOR VON DUSCH (1850)

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German scientist proposed that all
cells must come from preexisting
living cells — biogenesis

RUDOLPH VIRCHOW (1858)

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*EXPERIMENTS TO DISPROVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

in 1668 this Italian physician conducted experiments with covered and uncovered meat to show that maggots came from flies, not the meat itself.

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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*EXPERIMENTS TO DISPROVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Air allowed to enter flask but only after passing through a heated tube or sterile wool

Theodore Schwann, Georg Friedrich
Schroder and Theodor von Dusch (1830s)

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*EXPERIMENTS TO DISPROVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Omission of dust
 no growth. Demonstrated heat resistant forms of bacteria (endospores)

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

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In 1876 who discovered the two different types of bacteria (heat sensitive/heat labile & heat resistant/endosphore)

JOHN TYNDALL (1820 –1893)

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In 1876, who is the German botanist that also discovered “heat resistant forms of bacteria”. This bacteria are now termed endospores. (Bacillus species and Clostridium species)

Ferdinand Cohn

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 prepared a flask with long
narrow goose neck opening.
 Nutrient solution were heated in the flask and the air untreated and unfiltered was passed in and out .
 he pointed out that no growth occurred because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved neck.
 Thus disproved spontaneous generation.

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

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he showed that microbes caused diseases. He proved that Anthrax was caused by Bacillus anthracis

 German physician and microbiologist
 In 1860 developed an elaborate technique to isolate & identify specific Pathogens that cause specific diseases.
 He isolated the bacterium (anthracis) , TB ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis) , & cholera ( Vibrio cholerae)
 Developed pure culture methods.

-has a criteria to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease: (____’s postulates)

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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not only stated that living organisms or agents are the cause of diseases but germs were that different for different suspected responsible diseases.

Von Plenciz

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robert koch’s teacher

Jacob Henle (1809-1895),

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1857 - 1914

 Pasteur

 Pasteurization
 Fermentation

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1857 - 1914

Joseph Lister

 Phenol to treat surgical wounds – 1st attempt to control infections caused by microorganisms

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1857 - 1914

Robert Koch

 Koch’s Postulates

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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1857 - 1914 Edward Jenner

 vaccination

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1857 - 1914 Paul Ehrlich

 1st synthetic drug used to treat infections  Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis  “salvation” from Syphilis

who used arsenic compounds to fight disease – ‘magic bullet’

Paul Ehrlich (1878)

*CHEMOTHERAPY discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928)

*CHEMOTHERAPY discovered streptomycin

Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944)

*CHEMOTHERAPY development of sulfa drugs

Gerhard Domagk & Ernest Fourneau (1935- 36)

*CHEMOTHERAPY Preformed clinical trials and mass produced penicillin

1940, Howard Florey & Ernest Chain

*DEMONSTRATIONS THAT MICOORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Agostino Bassi (1773 - 1856)

*DEMONSTRATIONS THAT MICOORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a Fungus

Miles. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)

*DEMONSTRATIONS THAT MICOORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE showed that the pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite -developed other vaccines including those for fowl/chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies

Louis Pasteur

 developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from wounds – phenol sprayed in air entering around surgical incision  Decreased number of post-operative infections in patients  his published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery

Joseph Lister (1827 - 1912)

 developing the Chamberland filter in 1884  Collaborated with Louis Pasteur

Charles Chamberland (1851 - 1908)

-used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox -in 1796 discovered that cowpox (vaccinia) induced protection against human smallpox  Called procedure vaccination  This work established the principles of vaccination, a term derived from the Latin ”vacca” meaning cow

Edward Jenner (ca. 1798)

demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell- mediated immunity

Elie Metchnikoff (1845 - 1916)

 Hungarian physician often referred to as the "savior of mothers" for his pioneering work in the field of obstetrics and infection control.  demonstrated that childbed fever (puerperal fever), caused by streptococcal infections, was transmitted to patients by doctor’s hands -Pioneer of antisepsis in obstetrics -Women giving birth in hospitals by medical students and physicians were 4x more likely to contract puerperal fever compared to those by midwives

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1818–1865)

-induced the formation of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins in rabbits which were effectively used to treat humans thus demonstrating humoral immunity -Passive immunization Work by

Emil von Behring (1854 - 1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852 - 1931)

demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell- mediated immunity

Elie Metchnikoff (1845 - 1916)

____ and ____ reported that incubating cultures longer than normal in the lab resulted in ATTENUATED bacteria that could no longer cause disease

Pasteur Emile Roux

who developed other vaccines:  Attenuated anthrax vaccine  Chemical and heat treatment (potassium bichromate)  Attenuated rabies vaccine  Propagated the virus in rabbit following injection of infected brain and spinal cord extracts

Pasteur and Chamberland

*HOW MICROORGANISMS AFFECT THEIR ENVIRONMENT  demonstrated that alcoholic fermentations were the result of microbial activity,  that some organisms could decrease alcohol yield and sour the product, and  that some fermentations were aerobic and some anaerobic

Louis Pasteur

*HOW MICROORGANISMS AFFECT THEIR ENVIRONMENT  worked with soil bacteria and discovered that they could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy  he also studied anaerobic nitrogen- fixation and cellulose decomposition

Sergei Winogradsky (1856 - 1953)

*HOW MICROORGANISMS AFFECT THEIR ENVIRONMENT isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (Azotobacter and Rhizobium) and sulfate reducing Bacteria

Martinus Beijerinck (1851 - 1931)

*HOW MICROORGANISMS AFFECT THEIR ENVIRONMENT pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

*HOW MICROORGANISMS AFFECT THEIR ENVIRONMENT  successfully crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1935 and demonstrated that the virus retained its infectivity even after crystallization.  This was a significant achievement because it provided evidence that viruses are distinct infectious agents with a specific structure.

Wendell Meredith Stanley - an American chemist

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES demonstrated that mosquitoes are the vector for yellow fever

1900: Walter Reed

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES show that Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

1905: Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES develops first chemotherapeutic drug (Compound 606)

1908: Paul Ehrlich

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES showed that a virus can cause cancer * (now known as the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus)

1911: Francis Peyton Rous

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES discovers penicillin

1929: Alexander Fleming

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES tobacco mosaic virus

1935: Wendell Stanley

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES Successful vaccination against yellow fever

1938 : Max Theiller (Noble prize in 1945)

*20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES develops penicillin into a drug and treats first patient

1941: Howard Walter Florey

One of the Founders of Protozoology * the causative agent of syphilis in 1905 with Hoffman * amoebic dysentery and * sleeping sickness, malaria * human hookworm infection -died during his journey back to Germany from an International Medicine Meeting in Lisbon, when he underwent an urgent surgery aboard due to gastrointestinal amoebian abscesses. Such amoebian infection had probably been voluntarily acquired when he did research on amoebas

FRITZ RICHARD SCHAUDINN

a German dermatologist *is remembered for his research performed with zoologist Fritz Schaudinn (1871-1906) at the Charité Clinic in Berlin. * In 1905 Schaudinn and ____ discovered the bacterium that was responsible for syphilis, Treponema pallidum. * The organism was removed from a papula in the vulva of a patient with secondary syphilis.

ERICH HOFFMANN (APRIL 25, 1868 – MAY 8, 1959)

1940: Electron Microscope by

Ernst Ruska

“ one gene one enzyme concept”) - studied the relationship between genes and enzymes using the bread mold, Neurospora  Precursor -> ornithine -> citrulline -> arginine  One gene, one polypeptide hypothesis

1941 : George W. Beadle & Edward L. Tatum -(Noble prize in 1958)

show that DNA is the genetic material

1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

-propose DNA structure

1953: Watson & Crick

–Immunological tolerance

1967 : Sir Frank Mac Farlane Burnet

clone DNA

1973: Cohen , Boyer, Chang, and Helling

eradicates smallpox

1977:World Health Organization

HIV as causative agent of

1983 : Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

discover oncogenes

1996: Bishop and Varmus

Polio vaccine, 1950’s polio was a scary epidemic, Salk developed a vaccine by treating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated polio virus

Jonas Salk

1963 live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated –altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccine The work done on polio revolutionized the science of virology and we are seeing the results today in advances with Hepatitis and HIV viral infections – tissue culture and other techniques

Albert Sabin

*VIRUSES between 1915 and 1917, first discovered a bacterial virus which was also independently described and named as a bacteriophage by Felix d'Herrelle.

Frederick Twort,

*VIRUSES (American virologist) who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1966 for his groundbreaking work on the relationship between viruses and cancer  Discovered Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), belongs to a class of retroviruses.

Francis Peyton Rous

*ANIMAL AND PLANT VIRUSES identified the first animal virus - foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle * This marked the beginning of virology for animal viruses.

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch in 1898

*ANIMAL AND PLANT VIRUSES discovered the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), first plant virus * This was the first virus ever discovered, laying the foundation for plant virology.

Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 and later confirmed by Martinus Willem Beijerinck in 1898

 found evidence in 1982 that a class of infections he called "prions" ("proteinaceous infectious particles")  was awarded the Nobel Prize in1997.  "prions" were responsible for causing diseases like scrapie in sheep and other neurodegenerative disorder

Stanley Prusiner (American = neurologist and biochemist)

announced in 1983 the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – caused of AIDS.

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

discovered transformation in bacteria in 1928 and established the foundation of molecular genetics.

Frederick Griffith

Demonstrated spontaneous gene mutations in bacteria (not directed by the environment)

Salvadore Luria and Max Delbruck (ca. 1943)

 Following initial studies by Frederick Griffith (1928) they provided evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the genetic material and carried genetic information during transformation  Worked with Streptococcus pneumoniae (rough and smooth)

Oswald T. Avery Colin M. MacLeod Maclyn McCarty (1944)

In 1946, they published a paper that described the phenomenon of conjugation, wherein bacteria can transfer genetic material between each other through direct cell-to- cell contact.

Joshua Lederberg and his wife, Esther Lederberg

conducted groundbreaking research on bacterial genetics and gene recombination,

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum

conducted experiments involving a phage of Salmonella Typhimurium (a type of bacteriophage that infects this bacterium). This phenomenon came to be known as generalized transduction (transfer of genetic information by viruses) in 1952.

Joshua Lederberg and Norton Zinder

suggested in 1952 that only DNA is required for viral replication, after using radioactive isotopes to track protein and DNA.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

 were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for describing the double-helix structure of DNA.  This was based on the X-ray crystallography of DNA done by Rosalind Franklin, who had died of cancer four years earlier.

Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins James Watson

independently discovered reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses in 1970, establishing a pathway for genetic information flow from RNA to DNA. With Renato Dulbecco they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975.

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

(American microbiologist and biophysicist)  Pioneering phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA  work in 1977 was indeed instrumental in revolutionizing our understanding of the tree of life by using ribosomal RNA (rRNA) analysis to identify a distinct group of microorganisms called Archaea.  examined the genetic sequences of ribosomal RNA, a fundamental component of cellular machinery involved in protein synthesis.  He analyzed rRNA sequences from various organisms and discovered that there were three primary branches on the evolutionary tree of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Carl Woese

*NATURE OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD (1866) – 3-kingdom system: animals, plants and protist

Ernst Haeckel

*NATURE OF THE MICROBIAL WORLD 5-kingdom classification based on three levels of cell organization Bergey’s Manual of determinative bacteriology accepted ____’s kingdom Monera

Robert H. Whittaker

an English physician and naturalist who lived from 1553 to 1604. He is known for his work in the fields of medicine and natural history. The vectors of disease began to be identified, and a variety of infections were identified as being caused by fungal invasion.

Thomas Moffett (also spelled as Thomas Muffet)

gave his "Biogenesis and Abiogenesis" lecture. The speech offered powerful support for Pasteur's claim to have experimentally disproved spontaneous generation.

Thomas Henry Huxley (English biologist)

stressed contagiousness of puerperal fever; that agent was carried from one mother to another by doctors.

Oliver Wendell Holmes (American)

a pioneering figure in the field of epidemiology,

1854 John Snow

organized hospitals which minimized cross- infection, her efforts had a significant impact on hospital organization and infection control.

Florence Nightingale

Mga People sa Ch.1 Flashcards

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