MHC lec 01 and lec 02 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
What are IFN-α IFN-β and TNF-α?
A
Cytokines
2
Q
What type of molecules are cytokines?
A
Signaling molecules
3
Q
What biological processes do cytokines influence?
A
Inflammation cell growth and cell death
4
Q
What type of cells are Natural Killer (NK) cells?
A
Cytotoxic lymphocytes
5
Q
What is the role of NK cells in the immune system?
A
Defend against viruses parasites and cancer
6
Q
How do NK cells differ from T cells in killing target cells?
A
NK cells kill without prior activation
7
Q
What is the source of the copyright for the NK cell information?
A
Immunology Eighth Edition by Murphy
8
Q
What are the two major branches of the adaptive immune system?
A
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
9
Q
Which cells primarily drive humoral immunity?
A
B cells
10
Q
What do B cells produce in humoral immunity?
A
Antibodies
11
Q
What do antibodies target in humoral immunity?
A
Extracellular pathogens and toxins
12
Q
Which cells primarily drive cell-mediated immunity?
A
T cells
13
Q
What is the role of T cells in cell-mediated immunity?
A
Eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens
14
Q
Which cells are part of innate immunity?
A
Basophils dendritic cells eosinophils Langerhans cells mast cells monocytes macrophages neutrophils NK cells
15
Q
Which cells are part of adaptive immunity?
A
B cells and T cells
16
Q
What are the two types of T cells mentioned in adaptive immunity?
A
T_H cells and T_C cells
17
Q
How does innate immunity recognize pathogens?
A
Via receptors on innate immune cells
18
Q
How are pathogens presented to adaptive immune cells?
A
By MHC molecules on cell surfaces
19
Q
How do B cells interact with antigens?
A
Directly bind to antigens
20
Q
What do T cells require to recognize antigens?
A
MHC molecules for antigen presentation
21
Q
Where are MHC proteins present?
A
On all nucleated cells
22
Q
What encodes MHC proteins?
A
MHC genes
23
Q
Where is the MHC locus found in humans?
A
Chromosome 6
24
Q
What is the MHC complex called in humans?
A
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
25
Where was the MHC complex first identified in humans?
On leukocytes
26
Where is the MHC locus found in mice?
Chromosome 17
27
What is the MHC complex called in mice?
Histocompatibility system 2 (H-2)
28
What role do dendritic cells play in immunity?
Carry antigens from infection sites to secondary lymphoid tissues
29
Where do dendritic cells transport antigens?
Secondary lymphoid tissues
30
What is the role of high endothelial venules (HEVs) in T lymphocyte immunity?
Recruit naive and central memory T lymphocytes into lymph nodes
31
What do naive T cells scan in lymph nodes?
Antigen-loaded dendritic cells
32
Where do activated T lymphocytes exit after lymph node activation?
Via lymphatics to re-enter the bloodstream
33
Where are activated T lymphocytes recruited after exiting lymph nodes?
Sites of inflammation
34
What type of blood vessels recruit activated T lymphocytes to inflammation sites?
Cytokine-activated blood vessels
35
What triggers antigen-specific T cell activation?
Antigen-receptor binding and co-stimulation by dendritic cells
36
What happens to T cells after antigen-receptor binding and co-stimulation?
Proliferation and differentiation to acquire effector function
37
What are the two types of T cell activation mentioned?
Antigen-specific and bystander
38
What mediates bystander T cell activation?
Cytokines
39
What cells can be activated as naive effector or memory T cells?
T cells
40
What does a dendritic cell prime in CD8+ T cells?
Differentiation into cytotoxic T cells
41
What do primed CD8+ T cells produce?
Perforins and granzymes
42
What does a dendritic cell prime in CD4+ T cells?
Differentiation into T helper cells
43
What do primed CD4+ T cells activate?
B cells
44
What do activated B cells differentiate into?
Memory cells and antibody-producing plasma cells
45
How many signals are required for T-cell stimulation and T_H1/T_H2 polarization?
Three
46
What is Signal 1 in T-cell stimulation?
Antigen-specific signal via TCR and MHC class-II peptides
47
What mediates Signal 2 in T-cell stimulation?
Co-stimulatory signal via CD28 and CD80/CD86
48
What is Signal 3 in T-cell stimulation?
Polarizing signal via soluble or membrane-bound factors
49
What factors mediate the polarizing signal in T-cell stimulation?
IL-12 and CCL2
50
What does IL-12 promote in T-cell polarization?
T_H1 cell development
51
What does CCL2 promote in T-cell polarization?
T_H2 cell development
52
What receptors trigger CD80 and CD86 expression on dendritic cells?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
53
What do TLRs recognize to sense infection?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
54
What enhances the expression of T-cell polarizing factors?
CD40 ligand (CD40L) feedback
55
What is the role of dendritic cells in antigen processing?
Adept and versatile at processing pathogen antigens
56
How many naive T cells are specific for a given pathogen?
Approximately 1 in 10^5 recirculating T cells
57
Where do naive T cells encounter pathogen antigens?
Secondary lymphoid tissues
58
What happens to pathogens in a phagocytic cell’s vacuole?
Fused with lysosome to form phagolysosome
59
What occurs to pathogens in a phagolysosome?
Destroyed into small peptides
60
How are peptides presented on a phagocytic cell’s surface?
As MHC-peptide complex
61
What is the role of GM-CSF in active therapy?
Acts as a growth factor for immune cells
62
What is Sipuleucel-T used for in therapeutic cancer vaccines?
Prostate cancer treatment
63
What is the process for therapeutic cancer vaccines?
Dendritic cell isolation modification and T cell activation
64
What are immune checkpoints in active therapy?
Molecules like TCR CD27 CD28 CD40 CD122 CD137 OX40 GITR ICOS
65
What happens when the ZAP cascade is activated in immune checkpoints?
T cell activation and cytokine release
66
Which cytokines are released during immune checkpoint activation?
IL-2 and IFN-γ
67
What is the outcome of immune checkpoint signaling?
Cell death
68
What are the benefits of NK cell-based passive therapy?
T cell activation high cytotoxicity binds weak antigens avoids resistance
69
What do multi-specific antibodies do in passive therapy?
Enhance NK cell cytotoxicity
70
What is the purpose of CAR T cells in cellular therapy?
Target cancer cells with chimeric antigen receptors
71
How are CAR T cells created?
Genetically engineered T cells
72
What does TCR stand for in cellular therapy?
T cell receptor
73
What is the advantage of engineered TCRs in therapy?
Better specificity for cancer cell recognition
74
What is the outcome of TCR signaling in cellular therapy?
Cancer cell death
75
What is the process for TCR-based cellular therapy?
T cell isolation activation transfection expansion
76
What are the types of active therapies in the immunotherapy landscape?
Therapeutic vaccines immune checkpoints co-stimulatory agonists
77
What is the oldest form of active therapy mentioned?
Cytokine treatments
78
What does cytokine perfusion involve in active therapy?
Stimulating immune cells like NK cells
79
What are the components of the immunotherapy landscape?
Anti-tumor mAbs multi-specific Abs oncolytic viruses cellular therapies
80
What is the role of therapeutic vaccines in active therapy?
Strengthen the immune system
81
What is the significance of MHC proteins being unique to each individual?
Allows personalized immune recognition
82
What is the first step in innate and adaptive immunity collaboration?
Pathogen recognition by innate immune cell receptors
83
What is the second step in innate and adaptive immunity collaboration?
Antigen presentation to adaptive immune cells via MHC
84
What type of immunity involves antibody production?
Humoral immunity
85
What type of immunity targets intracellular pathogens?
Cell-mediated immunity
86
What cells are involved in antigen cross-presentation?
Dendritic cells
87
What is the role of CD40L in T-cell stimulation?
Enhances expression of polarizing factors
88
What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) used for?
Internalizing pathogens for processing
89
What are the two types of PAMPs mentioned?
Type 1 and Type 2
90
What do Type 1 PAMPs prime dendritic cells for?
T_H1-cell polarizing factors
91
What do Type 2 PAMPs prime dendritic cells for?
T_H2-cell polarizing factors
92
What is the role of perforins in cytotoxic T cells?
Facilitate cell death
93
What is the role of granzymes in cytotoxic T cells?
Induce apoptosis in target cells
94
What is the significance of secondary lymphoid tissues in immunity?
Site for naive T-cell activation
95
What is the function of high endothelial venules (HEVs)?
Recruit T lymphocytes into lymph nodes
96
What happens to T lymphocytes after antigen activation in lymph nodes?
Exit via lymphatics
97
Where do activated T lymphocytes migrate after leaving lymph nodes?
Sites of inflammation
98
What is the role of cytokine-activated blood vessels?
Recruit activated T lymphocytes
99
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
Kill infected or cancerous cells
100
What is the primary function of T helper cells?
Activate B cells
101
What do plasma cells produce?
Antibodies
102
What is the role of memory B cells?
Provide long-term immunity
103
What is the significance of MHC class-II in T-cell stimulation?
Presents peptides to trigger TCR
104
What is the role of CD80 and CD86 in T-cell stimulation?
Provide co-stimulatory signals via CD28
105
What is the role of IL-12 in T-cell polarization?
Promotes T_H1 cell development
106
What is the role of CCL2 in T-cell polarization?
Promotes T_H2 cell development
107
What is the significance of antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells?
Primes CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
108
What is the outcome of CD8+ T cell priming?
Differentiation into cytotoxic T cells
109
What is the outcome of CD4+ T cell priming?
Differentiation into T helper cells
110
What is the role of dendritic cells in lymph nodes?
Present antigens to naive T cells
111
What is the significance of naive T cells in immunity?
Recognize specific pathogen antigens
112
What is the role of TCR in T-cell activation?
Binds MHC-peptide complex
113
What is the significance of co-stimulatory signals in T-cell activation?
Enhance T cell proliferation
114
What is the role of cytokines in bystander T cell activation?
Activate T cells without antigen specificity
115
What is the role of phagocytic cells in antigen presentation?
Form MHC-peptide complexes
116
What is the significance of the phagolysosome in antigen processing?
Destroys pathogens into peptides
117
What is the role of MHC genes in immunity?
Encode MHC proteins
118
What is the significance of the HLA complex in humans?
Encodes MHC proteins for antigen presentation
119
What is the significance of the H-2 complex in mice?
Encodes MHC proteins for antigen presentation
120
What is the role of basophils in innate immunity?
Contribute to immune responses
121
What is the role of eosinophils in innate immunity?
Defend against parasites
122
What is the role of mast cells in innate immunity?
Release inflammatory mediators
123
What is the role of monocytes in innate immunity?
Differentiate into macrophages
124
What is the role of neutrophils in innate immunity?
Phagocytose pathogens
125
What is the significance of dendritic cells in the lymphatic circulation?
Transport antigens to lymphoid tissues
126
What is the role of T_H cells in adaptive immunity?
Activate B cells and other immune cells
127
What is the role of T_C cells in adaptive immunity?
Kill infected cells
128
What is the significance of antigen-specific T cell activation?
Targets specific pathogens
129
What is the role of IFN-γ in T-cell stimulation?
Enhances immune responses
130
What is the role of TNF-β in T-cell stimulation?
Promotes inflammation
131
What is the significance of Signal 3 in T-cell stimulation?
Determines T_H1 or T_H2 polarization
132
What is the role of Toll-like receptors in dendritic cells?
Sense infection via PAMPs
133
What is the significance of CD40L feedback in T-cell activation?
Enhances polarizing factor expression
134
What is the role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in immunotherapy?
Strengthen immune system via dendritic cell modification
135
What is the role of GM-CSF in cytokine therapy?
Stimulates immune cell growth
136
What is the significance of Sipuleucel-T in immunotherapy?
First FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine
137
What is the role of immune checkpoints in T-cell activation?
Regulate T cell signaling
138
What is the role of CD27 in immune checkpoints?
Stimulates T cell activation
139
What is the role of CD28 in immune checkpoints?
Provides co-stimulatory signals
140
What is the role of CD40 in immune checkpoints?
Enhances immune cell activation
141
What is the role of CD122 in immune checkpoints?
Supports T cell signaling
142
What is the role of CD137 in immune checkpoints?
Promotes T cell survival
143
What is the role of OX40 (CD134) in immune checkpoints?
Enhances T cell activation
144
What is the role of GITR in immune checkpoints?
Stimulates T cell proliferation
145
What is the role of ICOS (CD278) in immune checkpoints?
Supports T cell activation
146
What is the significance of the ZAP cascade in immune checkpoints?
Activates T cell signaling
147
What is the role of IL-2 in immune checkpoint activation?
Promotes T cell proliferation
148
What is the role of IFN-γ in immune checkpoint activation?
Enhances immune responses
149
What is the outcome of stimulatory checkpoint activation?
T cell activation and cell death
150
What is the role of multi-specific antibodies in NK cell therapy?
Enhance cytotoxicity
151
What is the significance of CAR T cells in cellular therapy?
Target cancer cells with high specificity
152
What is the process for creating CAR T cells?
T cell isolation and genetic engineering
153
What is the role of TCR in cellular therapy?
Recognizes cancer cell antigens
154
What is the advantage of TCR-based therapy?
Personalized cancer cell targeting
155
What is the outcome of TCR signaling in therapy?
Cancer cell death
156
What is the role of oncolytic viruses in immunotherapy?
Target and destroy cancer cells
157
What is the role of anti-tumor mAbs in immunotherapy?
Target cancer cells for immune destruction
158
What is the significance of combination therapies in immunotherapy?
Enhance immune responses
159
What is the role of co-stimulatory agonists in active therapy?
Enhance T cell activation
160
What is the significance of cytokine release in NK cell therapy?
Enhances immune response
161
What is the role of high cytotoxicity in NK cell therapy?
Effective killing of target cells
162
What is the significance of binding to weak antigens in NK cell therapy?
Overcomes immune evasion
163
What is the role of avoiding treatment resistance in NK cell therapy?
Improves therapeutic efficacy
164
What is the significance of antigen presentation in adaptive immunity?
Activates T cells
165
What is the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in T cell activation?
Facilitate antigen-T cell interactions
166
What is the significance of MHC-peptide complexes in immunity?
Enable T cell recognition of antigens
167
What is the role of Langerhans cells in innate immunity?
Present antigens to immune cells
168
What is the significance of chromosome 6 in human immunity?
Encodes HLA complex
169
What is the significance of chromosome 17 in mouse immunity?
Encodes H-2 complex
170
What is the role of dendritic cells in T cell priming?
Present antigens to activate T cells
171
What is the significance of naive T cell recirculation?
Ensures antigen encounter
172
What is the role of lymphatics in T cell migration?
Transport activated T cells to bloodstream
173
What is the significance of antigen-specific signals in T cell activation?
Ensure targeted immune responses
174
What is the role of co-stimulatory signals in T cell activation?
Amplify T cell responses
175
What is the significance of polarizing signals in T cell activation?
Determine T cell differentiation
176
What is the role of PRRs in dendritic cell activation?
Recognize PAMPs for antigen processing
177
What is the significance of T_H1 cells in immunity?
Combat intracellular pathogens
178
What is the significance of T_H2 cells in immunity?
Combat extracellular pathogens
179
What is the role of CD80 in T cell co-stimulation?
Binds CD28 to enhance activation
180
What is the role of CD86 in T cell co-stimulation?
Binds CD28 to enhance activation
181
What is the significance of pathogen destruction in phagolysosomes?
Generates peptides for MHC presentation
182
What is the role of macrophages in innate immunity?
Phagocytose pathogens
183
What is the significance of antigen cross-presentation in immunity?
Primes both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
184
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in immunity?
Kill infected or cancerous cells
185
What is the role of T helper cells in B cell activation?
Promote antibody production
186
What is the significance of memory cells in immunity?
Provide long-term protection
187
What is the role of IL-12 in dendritic cell function?
Promotes T_H1 polarization
188
What is the role of CCL2 in dendritic cell function?
Promotes T_H2 polarization
189
What is the significance of CD40L in dendritic cell-T cell interaction?
Enhances T cell activation
190
What is the role of PAMPs in immune activation?
Trigger PRRs on dendritic cells
191
What is the significance of TLR ligation in dendritic cells?
Induces CD80/CD86 expression
192
What is the role of IFN-γ in T cell activation?
Enhances effector functions
193
What is the role of TNF-β in T cell activation?
Promotes inflammatory responses
194
What is the significance of naive T cell scarcity for pathogens?
Only 1 in 10^5 are pathogen-specific
195
What is the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in naive T cell activation?
Facilitate antigen presentation
196
What is the significance of MHC class-II peptides in T cell activation?
Trigger TCR signaling
197
What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?
Binds CD80/CD86 for co-stimulation
198
What is the significance of antigen processing by dendritic cells?
Enables effective T cell priming
199
What is the role of HEVs in lymph node function?
Recruit T cells for antigen scanning
200
What is the significance of cytokine-activated vessels in immunity?
Recruit effector T cells to inflammation
201
What is the role of perforins in CD8+ T cell function?
Pore formation in target cells
202
What is the role of granzymes in CD8+ T cell function?
Induce apoptosis in target cells
203
What is the significance of B cell activation by T helper cells?
Leads to antibody production
204
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral immunity?
Produce antibodies
205
What is the significance of memory B cells in adaptive immunity?
Provide rapid response to reinfection
206
What is the role of TCR in antigen recognition?
Binds MHC-peptide complex
207
What is the significance of co-stimulatory molecules in T cell activation?
Prevent anergy
208
What is the role of cytokines in T cell differentiation?
Guide T_H1 or T_H2 development
209
What is the significance of innate immune cells in antigen presentation?
Bridge innate and adaptive immunity
210
What is the role of MHC proteins in immune recognition?
Present antigens to T cells
211
What is the significance of HLA complex in antigen presentation?
Encodes MHC for human immunity
212
What is the role of H-2 complex in mice?
Encodes MHC for antigen presentation
213
What is the significance of dendritic cell antigen transport?
Initiates adaptive immune responses
214
What is the role of T_C cells in immunity?
Directly kill infected cells
215
What is the significance of bystander T cell activation?
Amplifies immune responses
216
What is the role of phagolysosomes in antigen processing?
Break down pathogens for presentation
217
What is the significance of GM-CSF in immunotherapy?
Stimulates immune cell proliferation
218
What is the role of Sipuleucel-T in cancer treatment?
Activates immune response against prostate cancer
219
What is the significance of immune checkpoints in immunotherapy?
Regulate T cell activity
220
What is the role of CD27 in T cell function?
Enhances T cell activation
221
What is the role of CD40 in immune activation?
Promotes dendritic cell-T cell interaction
222
What is the significance of CAR T cells in cancer therapy?
Target cancer cells with engineered receptors
223
What is the role of TCR in personalized therapy?
Recognizes specific cancer antigens
224
What is the significance of multi-specific antibodies in immunotherapy?
Enhance NK cell targeting
225
What is the role of oncolytic viruses in cancer therapy?
Selectively destroy cancer cells
226
What is the significance of combination therapies in immunotherapy?
Improve treatment efficacy
227
What is the role of co-stimulatory agonists in immunotherapy?
Boost T cell responses
