MICE key Words

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

DNA replication occurs

Question 2

Prophase

Answer 2

• Spindle fibres migrate to opposite poles of the cell
• Chromosomes coil and condense and become visible
(each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids
held together by a centromere)
• The nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 3

Metaphase

Answer 3

spindle fibres are produced and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

Question 4

Anaphase

Answer 4

• Spindle fibres shorten and separate the sister chromatids which are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Question 5

Telophase

Answer 5

• Nuclear envelopes reform

* Chromosomes decondense

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

• Cytoplasm divides

Question 7

Binary fission

Answer 7

The process by which prokaryotic cells divide

Question 8

Pathogen

Answer 8

A disease causing agent

Question 9

Toxin

Answer 9

A poison produced by a living organism

Question 10

Antigen

Answer 10

A foreign protein or glycoprotein which stimulates an immune response

Question 11

Clonal selection

Answer 11

Activation of a specific B cell that produces the antibody specific to an antigen.

Question 12

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 12

Antibodies which are identical and come from plasma cells belonging to one/the same clone. They are all specific to only one antigen

Question 13

Antibody

Answer 13

A protein produced by B plasma cells which binds to a specific, complementary antigen

Question 14

Agglutination

Answer 14

The clumping together of antigen-bearing cells in the presence on their complementary antibody

Question 15

Vaccine

Answer 15

A vaccine contains an antigen, or several antigens from a pathogen that stimulate an immune response.

Question 16

Herd immunity

Answer 16

When enough individuals are immune to prevent the spread of a pathogen, because of the lack of susceptible hosts.

Question 17

Active immunity

Answer 17

Immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system

Question 18

Passive immunity

Answer 18

Immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. This provides short term immunity.

Question 19

Tracheoles

Answer 19

Network of tubes within an insect which transport air for gas exchange

Question 20

Spiracles

Answer 20

Pores on the surface of an insect which allow air in and out

Question 21

Xerophyte

Answer 21

A plant adapted to live in a very dry environment

Question 22

Diaphragm

Answer 22

Muscle which separates the abdomen and thorax

Question 23

Intercostal muscles

Answer 23

Muscles found between the ribs and are responsible for moving them during ventilation

Question 24

Digestion

Answer 24

When large molecule are hydrolysed to form smaller molecules

Question 25

Endopeptidase

Answer 25

An enzyme which hydrolyses any peptide bond apart from the terminal ones in a polypeptide chain.

Question 26

Exopeptidase

Answer 26

An enzyme which hydrolyses the terminal peptide bond in a polypeptide chain.

Question 27

Dipeptidase

Answer 27

An enzyme which hydrolyses dipeptides into amino acids

Question 28

Micelles

Answer 28

An aggregate of lipid molecules within an aqueous solution

Question 29

Mass transport

Answer 29

The bulk movement of substances over a large distance within an organism.

Question 30

Bohr effect

Answer 30

Haemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen is inversely related to the concentration of CO2 and acidity.

Question 31

Xylem

Answer 31

Vascular tissue in plants which carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots up the plant

Question 32

Cohesion tension theory

Answer 32

The water potential in the leaf cells decreases • This causes water to move out the xylem into surrounding tissues by osmosis • This creates tension on the water in the xylem • The water in the xylem is in a continuous column due to cohesion between water molecules due to H-bonds • The column doesn’t break due to adhesion (H-bonds between the water molecules and the walls of the xylem)

Question 33

Phloem

Answer 33

Vascular tissue in plants which carries sugars around the plant from sources to sinks – e.g. could be from leaves or it could be from underground storage tissues in spring

Question 34

Standard deviation

Answer 34

The spread of data around the mean

Question 35

Clonal expansion

Answer 35

The B cell divides to produce a genetically identical clone of plasma cells, each producing large amounts of this specific antibody.