MICR101A (Midterm Topic 1 - 4) Flashcards
Memorization and Mastery! (136 cards)
1
Q
Discovered cells at thin slice of cork
A
Robert Hooke
2
Q
Discovered: Vaccination, Microbial fermentation, and Pasteurization
A
Louis Pasteur
3
Q
First to observe cells in plant material and name them
A
Robert Hooke
4
Q
Disapproved the Doctrine of Spontaneous generation
A
Louis Pasteur
5
Q
Produced first vaccine for rabies
A
Louis Pasteur
6
Q
Discovered a bacillus which is responsible for bubonic plague
A
Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin
7
Q
Bacillus responsible for bubonic plague
A
Yersinia pestis
8
Q
Father of Modern Microbiology and the first person who used Solid media
A
Robert Koch
9
Q
Causative agent of Cholera
A
Vibrio cholerae
10
Q
Causative agent of Anthrax
A
Bacillus anthracis
11
Q
The 4 Theories of Humorism
A
Black Bile (Melancholy), Yellow Bile (Apathy), Blood (Cheer & Courage), & Phlegm (Anger)
11
Q
Causative agent of Tuberculosis
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
12
Q
Who discovered the Theory of humorism
A
Hippocrates & Galen
13
Q
Father of Toxicology and the one who Introduced Chemistry in Medicine
A
Paracelsus
14
Q
Paracelsus’ 3 Humors
A
Salt (Stability), Sulphur (Combustibility), & Mercury (Liquidity)
14
Q
Wrote the essay on contagion (By contact, by fomites, and at a distance)
A
Girolamo Fracastoro
15
Q
Named the disease Syphilis
A
Girolamo Fracastoro
16
Q
Father of Microbiology
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
17
Q
Refer to as “Tiny animals”
A
Animalcules (Before) or Unicellular (Now)
18
Q
Other term for Blood poisoning
A
Septicemia
19
Q
Discovered Bacillus anthracis a causative bacterium of Anthrax, in the blood of a diseased & dying sheep
A
Casimir Davaine
20
Q
First observe that heating prevented growth of bacteria in meat infusion
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
21
Q
Showed living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton wool
A
Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch
22
Q
Introduced the use of cotton plugs in Test tubes
A
Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch
23
Hypothesized that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells
Rudolf Virchow
24
Discovered Penicillin in 1928
Alexander Fleming
25
Developed vaccine against small pox
Edward Jenner
26
Proposed classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls
Rebecca Lancefield (Lancefield Classification)
27
First characterize a virus (Tobacco mosaic virus)
Wendell Stanley
28
Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum
29
Discovered that virus are filterable materials
Dmitri Ivanovski
30
Disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; Supernatural inflictions of disease
Theurgical Theory of Disease
31
Thought that all disease was due to the emanations from the
Earth, the influence of the stars, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
32
Relationship of disease with different waters, changes
in temperature, moisture, and the direction of wind
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
33
Imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and
the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, and dryness)
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
34
Disease was attributed to contagion by contact,
by fomite and at a distance
Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)
35
(18th century) experiments by Pasteur and Koch led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases
Germ Theory
36
Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic
microorganisms
Germ Theory
37
The 5 Kingdom Classification system
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Monera
38
Can make their own food by Photosynthesis
Autotrophs
39
Response towards a stimulus
Tropism
39
Can't make their own food and must consume other organism in order to live
Heterotrophs
40
Response to light
Phototropism
41
Use of bacteria on various industry
Biotechnology
42
Use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to
consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).
Bioremediation
43
Diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water
Planktons
44
Type of heterotrophic plankton that range from
microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish
Zooplanktons
45
Microscopic plants that live in the ocean
Phytoplanktons
46
TRUE OR FALSE - 10% of Microorganisms are Opportunistic
TRUE
46
TRUE OR FALSE - Example of Beneficial Microorganism are Pathogens
FALSE, example of Beneficial Microorganism is Antibiotics in food
47
TRUE OR FALSE - 87% of Microorganisms are Beneficial
TRUE
48
Who developed the Binomial classification
Carl Linnaeus
49
What are the 4 Basic Systems of Classification
1. Binomial Classification
2. 5 Kingdom System
3. 3 Domain System
4. From Larger to smaller
49
Normal indigenous microflora or microbiota are present in
the _____, __________< and ________.
Skin, Intestinal tract, and Mouth
50
If the substance
is organized and firmly
attached to the cell wall
Capsule
51
General term used for substances that surround the cells. It is a coating that covers the outside of prokaryotic cells
that provides a protective coat.
Glycocalyx
52
If the substance is unorganized and
only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx
Slime Layer
53
Often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host and is important in contributing to bacterial virulence.
Capsule
54
Prevent the bacterial cells from rupturing, helps maintain the shape of the cell, and point of anchorage for flagella
Cell Wall
54
A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm
attach to their target environment and to
each other
Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
55
Susceptibility to Penicillin and Sulfonamide is High
Gram-Positive
56
Susceptibility to Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline is High
Gram-Negative
57
Flagellar structure has 4 rings in basal body
Gram-Negative
58
Toxins produced by Gram-Negative
Endotoxins and Exotoxins
59
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of cell
and consists primary of
phospholipids
Plasma/ Cell Membrane
60
Long filamentous
appendages that propel
bacteria
Flagella
61
Bacteria
that lack flagella
Atrichous
62
Flagellar protein; useful for distinguishing
among serovars or variations
H-antigen
63
Group of bacteria
that have unique structure and
motility (spiral motion). They move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella
Spirochetes
64
Hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbriae
65
Usually longer than fimbriae and
number only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer
Pili
66
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Conjugation
67
Substance of the cell inside the
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
68
Specialized “resting” cells formed by some gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted
Endospores
69
Large amount of an organic acid contained in
endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage
Dipicolinic acid
70
Process in which an endospore returns to its
vegetative state
Germination
71
Cell wall has Teichoic acid
Gram-Positive
72
Susceptible to mechanical breakage
Gram-Negative
73
Round bacteria in pairs; remain in pairs after
dividing
Diplococci
74
Cocci in chains
Streptococci
75
Cocci in cluster resembling bunch of
grapes
Staphylococci
75
Divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
Tetrads
75
Groups of 8 in cubical pockets (octads)
Sarcinae
76
Rods in chain
Streptobacilli
76
Usually do not separate and tend to form “long
threads”
Filamentous bacilli
76
Short rods
Coccobacilli
76
Paired bacilli
Diplobacilli
77
Loosely curved cells; have helical shape like a
cork-screw and fairly rigid bodies with flagella
Spirilla
77
(Less than one complete twist); Curved rods
Vibroid/ Comma-shape
77
Organisms that maintain a single shape
Monomorphic
78
Tightly coiled form; flexible with axial filaments
Spirochetes
79
Flat rectangular shape
Halophilic archaea
79
Star-shaped
Genus-Stella
80
Have many shapes
Pleomorphic
80
3 Kinds of Staining Technique
Simple, Differential, & Special Staining
80
Aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye and highlights the entire microorganisms so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible
Simple Staining
80
Salts composed of a positive and a negative
ion, one of which is colored and is known as the chromophore.
Stains
81
Valuable for observing overall cell shapes, sized and capsules because cells are made highly visible against a contrasting dark background
Negative staining
81
An additive used to increase the affinity of a stain for a
biological specimen
Mordant
82
Who developed Gram stain and in what year?
Hans Christian Gram in 1884
82
Most useful staining procedures since
it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram
positive and gram-negative
Gram Stain
83
Bind strongly only to bacteria that have waxy material in their cell walls and used to identify all bacteria in the genus
Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis and M. leprae) and pathogenic strains of Nocardia
Acid-Fast stain
83
Used to color parts of microorganisms (endospores,
flagella or capsules)
Special stains
83
This staining method is used for capsules (Specific)
Negative staining
84
This staining is used to identify endospores (Specific)
Endospore Staining (Schaeffer-Fulton)
85
This staining is used to identify flagella (Specific)
Flagella staining
85
The stain _______ is used to build up the diameters of flagella
Carbolfuchsin
85
Stain used in endospore staining
Malachite Green
86
What are the requirements for growth?
Physical (Temperature, pH, & Osmotic Pressure) and Chemical (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, & Oxygen)
87
Also known as "Cold-Loving Microbes"
Psychrophiles
88
Also known as "Moderate-temperature-loving microbes"
Mesophiles
89
Organisms capable of growing at 0°C and most of these organisms are so sensitive to higher
temperature that they cannot grow in warm room (25°C). Found mostly in the ocean’s depth or polar regions
thus seldom cause problems in food preservation.
Psychrophiles
90
Also known as "Heat-loving microbes"
Thermophiles
90
Can grow at 0°C but optimum growth temp. is
20-30°C and cannot grow above 40°C and are mostly encountered in low-temperature food
spoilage because they can grow at refrigerator
temperatures.
Psychrotrophs
91
Optimum temperature for many pathogenic
bacteria is about 37°C and include most of the common spoilage and
disease organisms,
Mesophiles
92
Also known as "spoilage microorganisms"
Psychrotrophs
93
Most common type of microbe
Mesophiles
94
Optimum growth: 50-60°C and Important in organic compost piles
Thermophiles
94
Microorganisms capable of growth at high
temperatures
Thermophiles
95
Most bacteria grow best in a narrow pH range near neutrality, between pH ___ and ____
6.5 and 7.5
96
Microbes that have an optimum growth
temperature of 80°C
Hyperthermophiles or extreme thermophiles
97
Microorganism that can adapt to high salt concentrations
Halophiles
97
Microorganisms that are tolerant of acidity
Acidophiles
98
Organisms that require oxygen to live
Obligate aerobes
99
Can use oxygen when it is present but are able to
continue growth by using fermentation or
anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not
available
Facultative anaerobes
100
Aerobic; they do require oxygen and they grow only in oxygen
concentrations lower than those in air.
Microaerophiles
100
Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions
Anaerobes
100
Fermentative and cannot use oxygen for growth, but they tolerate it fairly well
Aerotolerant anaerobes
101
Bacteria reproduce by ?
Binary Fission
102
Forming a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, then it
separates
Budding
103
Period of equilibrium
Stationary Phase
103
The time required for a cell to divide and varies considerably among organisms and with
environmental conditions such as temperature. Uses logarithmic scales
Generation Time
103
Period of little or no cell division and can last for 1 hour or several days. Cells are not dormant and period of intense metabolic activity such as synthesis of enzymes.
Lag Phase
104
Cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth or logarithmic increase. Cellular reproduction is most active and generation time reaches a constant minimum
Log Phase/Exponential growth phase
105
Number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed and the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the
number of cells or until the population dies out
entirely
Death Phase
105
Number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and population stabilizes.
Stationary Phase
