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Semester 2 > Micriobiology > Flashcards

Micriobiology Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Who is louis Pasteur and what did he do ?

A

Germ theory of disease, microbes don’t spontaneously appear
swan neck flask experiment- sterile environemnts

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2
Q

Who is robert koch?

A
  • bacillus anthracis, microbes trasmit from infection to healthy via injecting blood, browth grown microbes injected to a healthy host cause infection
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3
Q

What is MRSA

A

invades into bloodstream and produces virulence factors to protect survival or MRSA, detected via nuclei acid tests and antibiotic susceptibility

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of MRSA

A

symptoms: if via skin = swellling redness, infection, if it gets into bloodstream then infections and paneumonia

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5
Q

What are the treatment of MRSA and how do you prevent it:

A

B-lactam antibiotics, multidrug resistance treated with methicillin, non-b-lactam,

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6
Q

What is TB

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis gram positive bacterium entering lungs, airborne route of transmission, can lay dormant and then revert back to infected cells

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of TB

A

Cough, bloody phlegm, weight loss, loss of appitite, fatigue, night sweats, high temperature

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8
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of TB

A

Treatment: antibiotics - rifampin,
Prevention: vaccine at birth and or in teens

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9
Q

What is influenza?

A

Airborne droplets transmission, Influenza A + B= seasonal epidemics
C= mild illness
D= affects cattle not people

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza

A

Your average ill symptoms

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11
Q

What is the treatment of influenza and the prevention

A

standard care of yourself, if bad then antiviral medication
Prevention: annual flu vaccine

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12
Q

Describe bacilli microbes

A

Rod shaped, usually singular

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13
Q

Describe coccus/ cocci

A

Spherical, berries

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14
Q

What does streptococci, staphylococci, dilococci mean?

A
  1. chains , 2. clusters, 3. pairs
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15
Q

What is Saccharmocyces cerevisae

A

fungi that helps ferement sugar make bread and wine

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16
Q

What is bacillus antracis

A

Orignates in soil, facultative anaerobe- can survive with or without oxygen, grows on sheep blood agar, clarify ID via bacteriophage gamma phage lysis test

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17
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus

A

Commensal opportunistic pathoge, facultative anerobe, grown under selective media, acidity changes from red to yellow

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18
Q

What is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Grows in one to two weeks on agar mainly on blood, rough and irregular , Strict aerobe (no oxygen), rod shaped, orange yellow under uv light

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19
Q

What is escherichia coli

A

Found in healthy human colon, opportunistic pathogrn if relocates, growths rapidly, gram negative pink, rod shape and may form clusters

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20
Q

What is Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Highly responsive to antibiotics, if untreated can impact sperm function and block female fallopian tubes, obligate intracellular bacterium (requires host to grow)

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21
Q

name some attributes of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus, free floating dna, plasma membrane lines wall, cytoplasm holds ribosomes and granules, fast evolution + rapid mutation rate

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22
Q

What are the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have no nucleus, prokaryotes only have 1 chromosome, prokaryotes dont have normal organelles, prokaryotes have 70 s ribosomes and e have 80s

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23
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall function

A

protection rigidity shape, formed from peptidoglycan which is NAG + NAM, created cross linkage structure

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24
Q

What is the structure of peptidoglycan

A

alternating nam and nag, nams are linked between layers, linked by peptide chain, gram psoitive and gram negative microbes

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25
what is gram positive bacteria
bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell well, no outer membrane, appear purple after gram staining and hold onto dye
26
What is gram negative cell wall
thinner peptidoglycan cell wall, no tiechonic acid, outer membrane, has lps, appear pink after gram staining and cannot hold onto the dye
27
What is the capsule and slime layer
capsule: well organsied, attached to the wall, formed of polysaccharides Slime layer: less organised, loosely attached, formed of glycoproteins and glycolipids
28
describe cell surface extensions:
pili or fimbriae, protein filament extensions, thin and straight, aid in attachment, aid in pathogenesis, in gram negative behaviour
29
what are cell inclusions
internalised storage stations, lipid phb stored in the granule, sulfur in g-, phosphate for biosynthesis
30
What are endospores
g + , detect via sport test, contain thick walls and little water, maybe terminal subterminal or central
31
What are the stages of microbial growth
lag, exponential, stationary, decline
32
What are the factors influencing microbial growth
chemical nutrition - carbo, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen from water
33
What are obligate aerobes
Only aerobic growth
34
What are facultative growth
Growth in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions Better in oxygen conditions tho.
35
What are obligate anaerbobes
Only grow without oxygen conditions
36
What is Aerotolerant
Can live in the presence of oxygen but they are better off without
37
What is microaerophiles
Only in areobic conditions but a low concentration
38
What is bacterial nutrition
Phosphorus - nucleic acids and phospholipids Sulfur- amino acid/ vitamins Potassium - enzymes Magnesium - stabilizes ribosomes/ membranes/ nucleic acid enzymes Calcium Na
39
what are micro-nutrients for bacteria
Iron, Trace metals, growth factors
40
What are: psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles
Colder to warmer temperatures
41
Does osmotic pressure affect microbial growth
yes
42
What type of stains are used for microscopic counts
Fluorescent None-fluorescent
43
What are the issues with using stains for microscopic counts
Live + dead cant be distinguished accuracy is hard small cells overlooked low density suspensions hard to count motile cells need to be immobilised debris can be mistaken
44
what is the pour plate method
1. pipette inoculum onto sterile plate 2. add sterile medium 3. swirl to mix and incubate 4. colonies grow in and on medium
45
What is the spread plate method
Pipette inoculumonto the surface of agar plate 2. spread evenly over the agar surface 3. incubate 4. colonies grow only on the surface
46
What are turbidimetric methods
cell suspensions turbid because cells scatter light measured with a spectrophotometer
47
What is the wobble hypothesis
how one amino acid can be coded for by different codons
48
why would alterations in the bacterial genome occur
for variation, evolutionary purposes, genomic stability, have competitiveness in environment
49
how do alterations in the bacterial genome occur
random errors in dna replication dna damage mutation horizontal gene transfer( swith of genes)
50
what is a wild type strain in bacterial genetics
isolated from the environment/ nature = wild type genome
51
what is spontaneous mutation
occasional framshift or point
52
What are induced mutations
via radiation
53
what is the clinical significance of mutations
antibiotic resistance
54
what are the different types of genetic transfer in bacteria
transforamation, transduction, conjugation
55
describe transforamtion of genetic tranfer in bacteria
free dna released from the donor cell and incorporated into the recipient cell to br
56
transduction method in genetic transfer in bacteria
generalised =1. lytic cycle specialised transduction
57
what types of normal flora are there
resident - stays - and transient - temporary
58
what is normal flora
the cells belonging to our body
59
do foetus have microbiota
no
60
when does the flora in the intestine first develop
after a persons first meal
61
define pathogenicity
ability to produce pathologic changes or disease
62
What is a pathogen
disease producing microorganism
63
what is virulence
measure of pathoenicity. Also involves invasiveness
64
What is toxigenicity
the ability to produce toxins
65
what is invasion
entry into host cells
66
what are primary pathogens
cause disease e.g e.coli - produces toxinm inhibit proteins synthesis resulting in severe bloody diarrhoea, inflammation, renal failure
67
What are opportunistic pathogens
disease caused in compromised hosts s.epidermidis - cause endocarditis grows on catheters and implants
68
What are the general steps of infection
1. exposure 2. adherence 3. invasion 4. evade host defenses 5.multiply and grow 6. damage the host 7. leave the host
69
what is an endotoxin
released on bacterial death and sometimes during growth, heat stable systematic effects produced - fever, intestinal hemorrhage, inflammation, simulates the immune system
70
what is an exotoxin
produced within bacteria, mainly gram positive organisms, may travel away from site of infection four types: AB toxin, site specific (neurotoxin ect / membrane disrupting), superantigens
71
Describe the botulinum toxin
AB toxin the toxin enters the neural synapse, it blocks the release of ACh, this means you will have permanent muscle relaxation and result in organ failure
72
Describe the tetanus toxin
ab toxin, prevents the release of glycine and gaba, contraction occurs constantly
73
describe the cholera entertoxin
food borne, cholera binds to epthithelial cells releasing the toxin, this results in over expression of adenyl cyclase, this prevents na movement into the blood
74
what are the types of membrane disrupting toxins
haemolysin leukocidin
75
what are superantigens
cuases excessive and non specific release of cytokines, most characterised is toxic shock syndrome. streptoccocus also able to produce it
76
what are the types of growth and colonisation of pathogens
Local- a small area(near entry site), extensive tissue damage but local Focal- spread to secondary location, leading to secondary infection Systemic-spread throughout the body
77
whata re the symptoms of having a disease
vital signs- 37 temp, heart rate (60-100) blood pressure(90/60 and 120/80) nausea loss of appetite, pain
78
what are the classifications of diseases
Infectious latrogenic nosocomial zoonotic noncommunicable non-infectious
79
What are the types of pathogen carries
active = showing symptoms and can pass it on to someone convalescent = when someones who has had the disease and recovered but may still be able to pass it on healthy/passive = has pathogen w no signs or symptoms Incubatory = has pathogen, not developed symptoms but is facilitating the growth of it
80
what are the type of transmission
vertical = mother to child, e.g hiv horizontal = indirect e.g sneezing or touching it
81
are the types of horizontal transmission
airborne = air, droplets, dust contact = direct: respiratory (salivary), faecal, venereal, skin. indirect: via fomites
82
what is vehicle transmission
vehicle = material or object involved in pathogen transmission spread over long distances e.g food and water
83
What is vector transmission
insects, ticks or mites external = passive internal =
84
hwo do we fight infection
Innate adaptive methods
85
What is innate immunity
physical = cell junctions, skin, endothelia, microbiome, mucous membrane chemical = enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein mediators, inflammation - eliciting
86
What is the complement system
classical pathway lectin pathway alternative pathway
87
what are cellular defenses
white blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) t cells and b cells
88
What are the characteristics of protozoa
89
What is the basic life cycle of a protozoa
trophozoite, cyst, direct, indirect
90
What type of reproduction do protozoa under
asexual - binary fission (mitosis of nucleus, cytokensesis of cytoplasm) budding schizogany and sexual - gamonts, syngamy, conjugation, autogamy
91
Describe radiolaria
silica based- skeletal makeup non-motile feed by endocytosis using folopodia part of zooplankton
92
What are some examples of pathogenic protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli Giardia lamblia Trypanosoma brucei Plasmodium Toxoplasma

Semester 2 (5 decks)

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