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DIT Microbiology > Micro 1 - Bacterial Basics > Flashcards

Micro 1 - Bacterial Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of bacteria has a fixed Peptidoglycan layer AKA cell wall?

A

G(+)

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2
Q

Which type of bacteria has Lipoteichoic acid and what does it do?

A

G(+). Contains lipids and teichoic acid. It induces IL-1 and TNF-alpha.

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3
Q

What are three acute phase cytokines?

A
  1. IL-1
  2. IL-6
  3. TNF-alpha
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4
Q

What bacterial structure mediates adherence of bacteria to the surface of a cell?

A

Fimbriae. They are hair-like structures that allows bacteria to colonize membranes throughout the body.

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5
Q

What do G(-) bacteria have that G(+) don’t have on their structure?

A
  1. Outer membrane: Site of endotoxin (LPS). Also induces IL-1 and TNF-alpha.
  2. Periplasmic space: Site of beta-lactamase.
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6
Q

What do pilli in the bacterial membrane do?

A

Serves to link bacteria in conjugation: allows transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another.

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7
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

It is a gelatinous, polysaccharide coating that aids in attachment to foreign material. It can be either in capsule form or biofilm/slime.

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8
Q

What is the name for glycocalyx in an organized and firmly adherent?

A

Capsule.

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9
Q

What is the name for glycocalyx that is loosely adherent and less organized structure?

A

Biofilm/slime.

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10
Q

What is the Quellung reaction?

A

It is a test to see if the bacteria in question has a capsule or not. Anti-capsular serum is added to bacteria. If there is a capsule, it appears swollen under microscope.
[Quellung equals SWELLung].

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11
Q

Name 8 encapsulated bacteria.

A

[Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies]

  1. E. coli (some strains)
  2. Strep. pneumoniae
  3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  4. Neisseria meningitidis
  5. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  6. Haemophilus influenzae type B
  7. Salmonella typhi
  8. Group B Streptococcus
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12
Q

What three big time baller bacteria that are encapsulated and cause high rate mortality, especially in patients with spleenectomy?

A

[SHiN]

  1. Strep pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilus influenza
  3. Neisseria meningitidis
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13
Q

What yeast is encapsulated and can be identified with India ink stain?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans.

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14
Q

What are the ribosomal subunit for prokaryotes?

A

70S (50S and 30S)

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15
Q

What are the ribosomal subunits for eukaryotes?

A

80S (60s and 40s)

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16
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Pieces of genetic material separate from chromosomal DNA. They can carry genes for antibiotic resistance or toxin production. They can be transferred during conjugation.

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17
Q

What is transformation?

A

DNA that has been released from a lysed cell and then taken up by a living bacterium. The DNA fragment is incorporated into chromosomal DNA. This is an option for only a few species of bacteria.

18
Q

What bacterias have the transformation ability?

A

[SHiN]
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Neisseria meningitidis

19
Q

What are transposons?

A

Small segments of DNA that can self-excise and relocate. Can carry antibiotic resistance or virulence factors.

20
Q

What is transduction?

A

Phage attaches to bacterium and injects its DNA. Some bacterial DNA can be packaged inside the viral capsid. New phage injects viral and bacterial DNA into next bacterium.

21
Q

What is special about Mycoplasma structure?

A
  1. Sterols

2. No cell wall

22
Q

What is special about Mycobacteria structure?

A
  1. Mycolic acid

2. Rich in lipids, making it difficult in Gram staining.

23
Q

Which type of bacteria produce spores?

A
  1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

24
Q

What color do G(+) bacteria stain?

A

Purple.

25
Q

What color do G(-) bacteria stain?

A

Pink or red.

26
Q

What are four bacteria that stain poorly on Gram stain?

A
  1. Mycobacteria
  2. Mycoplasma
  3. Treponema
  4. Legionella pneumophilia.
27
Q

What bacteria are best to stain with Giemsa?

A

[Black Rock Can Play Three Hours]

  1. Borrelia
  2. Rickettsiae
  3. Chlamydia
  4. Plasmodium
  5. Trypanosomes
  6. Histoplasma
28
Q

What structures can Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain?

A

Stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides. Used to dianose Whipple’s disease caused by Tropheryma whippelii.

29
Q

What is Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for?

A

To stain acid-fast organisms like Mycobacteria tuberculosis.

30
Q

What is Indian Ink used for?

A

For fungus, especially Cryptococcus neoformans.

31
Q

What is Silver stain used for?

A

For fungi, especially pneumocystis jirovecii. Used for Legionella too.

32
Q

What bacterial structure protects against phagocytosis?

A

Capsule.

33
Q

What bacterial structure provides rigid support to bacterial cell and protects against osmotic pressure difference?

A

Peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.

34
Q

What bacterial structure is the space between the inner and outer cellular membranes in G(-) bacteria?

A

Periplasmic space.

35
Q

What is the bacterial form which provides resistance to dehydration, heat and chemicals?

A

Spore.

36
Q

What bacterial structure forms attachment between two bacteria during transfer of DNA material (AKA conjugation)?

A

Pilus.

37
Q

What bacterial structure has genetic material within bacteria that contains genes for antibiotic resistance?

A

Plasmid.

38
Q

What stain is required to see Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

India Ink

39
Q

What stain is required to see Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP)?

A

Silver stain

40
Q

What stain is required to see Chlamydia?

A

Giemsa stain.

41
Q

By what method are plasmids exchanged between bacteria?

A

Conjugation which utilizes a pilus.

DIT Microbiology (33 decks)

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