Micro Flashcards
(89 cards)
0
Q
Prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
1. Cell wall containing peptidoglycan
- Membrane bound organelle
- Mitotic division
A
- Prokaryote
2 & 3. Eukaryote
1
Q
Size of ribosome of prokaryotes & eukaryotes
A
Prokaryotes 70s (50s + 30s)
Eukaryotes 80s (60s + 40s)
2
Q
Which of pathogenic microorganisms is prokaryotic?
A
Bacteria
3
Q
Mobile genetic elemets, DNA piece that readily move from one site to another.
Also known as
A
Transposons aka jumping genes
4
Q
Vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation
A
Spongiform encephalopathies
5
Q
You can get it by cannibalism with cerebellar dyafunction (ex dystaxia)
A
Kuru
6
Q
Bovinee spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)
A
Mad cow disease
7
Q
Bacteria that are spirochetes
A
B-L-T
Bornelia
Treponema
Leptospira
8
Q
- Smallest bacteria
- Largest bacteria
- Largest bacteria that is medically important
A
- Mycoplasma sp
- Thiomargarita namibiensis
- Bamelia burgdorferi
9
Q
All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except
A
Mycoplasma
Sugar backbone (glycan) + peptide side chains (peptido) cross linked by transpeptidazd
10
Q
All gram positive bacteria have NO Endotoxin except
A
Listeria monocytogenis
- gram negative cells contains endotoxin, has Lipopolysaccharide & Periplasmic space
- gram positive cells have techoic acids
11
Q
Gram staining
Primary stain
Mordant
Decolorizing agent
Counterstain
A
Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol/ acetone
Safranin
12
Q
Bacteria not seen in gram stain
- Mycobacteria
- Spirochetes
- Mycoplasma spp
- Legionella spp
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsia
A
- Acid fast stain
- Darkfield microscopy
- None
- Silver stain
- Inclusion bodies
- Giemsa / tissue stain
13
Q
Invagination of plasma membrane and participation in cell division and secretion
A
Mesosome
14
Q
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except
A
Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)
15
Q
Bacterial growth curve
Phase 1-3 enumerate
Phase with zero growth rate, adaptation to new environment
Phase with rapid cell division
A
Phase 1 lag phase
Phase 2 log or exponential phase
Phase 3 maximum stationary phase
Phase 4 decline or death phase
16
Q
Phase with exhaustion of nutrients of the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely (zero growth rate); spores are formed
A
Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase
17
Q
Phase where most cells die because nutrients have been exhausted (negative growth rate)
A
Phase 4: decline or death phase
18
Q
Oxygen metabolic generates toxic products such as _____ & ______
A
Superoxide & hydrogen peroxidase
19
Q
Are neesed to survive in aerobic environments
A
Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase & catalase
20
Q
2 aerobic
3 anaerobic
A
- Obligate aerobes
Microaerophiles - Facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
21
Q
- Utilize oxygen if it present, but can use fermentation in its absence
- Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
- Use fermention but can tolerate low amounts bec they have superoxide desmutase
A
- Facultative anaerobes
- Obligate anaerobes
- Microaerophiles
22
Q
- Exclusive anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
A
Aerotolerant anaerobes
23
Q
Remember: Obligate anaerobes 1. Actinomyces 2. Bacteroides 3. Clostridium
A
Obligate aerobes
- Neisseria
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Leptospira
- Pseudomonas
- Mycobacterium
- Bordetella
24
A measure of a microbe's ability to cause disease
Virulence
25
Surface proteins are called _____ and 2 examples with it
Curli (salmonella.& e.coli)
26
Enzyme in bacteria which destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages
Spread through subcutaneous tissue
Leukocidin
Collagenase & hyaluronidase
27
Accelerated formation of a fibrin clot coating the organisms with a layer of fibrin
Allows adherence to mucous membrane
Coagulase
IgA protease
28
Bacteria with IgA protease
SHINe My Gong
strep pneumonia
haemophilus influenza
Neisserria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhea
29
Difference of exotoxin & endotoxin in
1. Heat stability
2. Vaccines
3. Typical disease
Exotoxin Endotoxin
1. Destroys rapidly 1. Stable at
At 60c except staph. 100c for 1 hr
Enterotoxin
2. Toxoids. 2. No vaccines
3. Tetanus, botulism. 3. Meningo
30
1. Prevents complement activation
| 2. Widespread activation of the complement and coagulation cascades
1. Protein A of S. Aureus
| 2. Superantugens
31
1. All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan except
2. All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharides except
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Bacillus anthracis
32
Agar of the following
1. N. Gonorrhea from nonsterile areas
2. N. Gonorrhea from sterile areas
3. Haemophilus influenza
4. Clostridium perfringens
5. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
6. Staph
7. Group D strep
1. Thayer-martin
2. Chocolate
3. Chocolate + factors x and v
4. Egg yolk
5. Tellurite
6. Mannitol salts
7. Bile esculin
33
Read:
Mycobacteria tb : lowenstein-jensen
Vibrio cholera : thiosulfate-cutrate bile salts
Bordetla pertussis : bordet-gengou
Legionella pneumophilia : charcoal-yeast extract
Campy & helicobacter : skirrows
Borrelia burgdoferi : barbour-stoenner kelly
34
Mycoplasma pneumonia : eaton
Pseudomonas aeruginoa : cetrimide
Salmonella, shigella : xylose-lysine -deoxycholate
Leptospira interrogans : ellinghausen-mccullough-johnson-harris / fletcher
35
Cause cartilage dame and arthropathy in children
Quinolones
36
Bind to developing bone and tooth structurw, causing purplish brown discoloration of teeth, and even enamel hypoplasia
Tetracyclines
37
Slow acetylators of INH is at risk for __________
Fast acetylators like filipinos, is at risk for ___________
Polyneuritis
Hepatoxicity
38
2 drugs that binds to pus and get inactivated
Aminogycosides & polymixins
39
3 drugs that do not pass BBBB even with inflammation
Polymixin
1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins
Amphotericin b
40
Excellent for treatment of NCS infections w/ or w/o inflammation
-sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, fluconazole, rifampicin and isoniazid
Minimal or not good even with inflammation
-aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, macrolides
41
Major components of immune system
- b cell (antibody)
- t cell
- phagocytes
- complement
42
Recurrent infection with pyogenix bacteria indicate a ____ deficiency
Recurrent infections with fungi, viruses or protozoa indicate a ______ deficiency
B-cell deficiency
T-cell deficiency
43
Other term for x-linked aggamaglobulinemia?
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
- very low levels of immunoglobulins
- virtual absence of B crll due to tyrosine kinase mutation
- cell mediated immunity is normal
44
Treatment for x-linked / brutos aggamaglobulinemia
Pooled gamma globulin
45
Failure of isotype switching and recurrent bacterial sinus & lung infection.
Treatment?
Selective IgA deficiency
Treatment:
46
Defect in b-cell maturation to plasma cells
Most common form of severe antibody deficiency affecting both children and adults
Treatment?
Common variable immunodeficiency
Tx: pooled gamma globulin
47
Profound deficit of T cells
Failure of development of thymus and parathyroids
Due to a defect in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
Hummoral immunity is normal
Di george syndrome
-tetany due to hypocalcemia
Tx is transplant of fetal thymus
48
DiGeorge Syndrome
| Catch-22
```
Cardiac defect (TOF)
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11.2 chromosomal deletion
```
49
Specific T-cell deficiency for Candida Albicans
| Recurrent candidiasis in children
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Tx: azole antifungal drugs
50
X-linked: defect in IL-2 receptors in T-cells
| Autosomal: ADA deficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
-recurrent infection in early infancy
Tx: bone marrow transplant
51
x-linked (affects male infants)
Inability to mount IgM response
Wasp gene mutation
Wiskoyy-aldrich syndrome
Tx: bone marrow transplant
Tie a wasp
Thrombocytopenia
Infections
Eczem
52
IgA deficiency
Ataxia, telangiectasia, IgA deficiency
Autosomal recessive disease
Mutations in DNA repair enzymes
a-t-i
Ataxia telangiectasia
Ataxia
Telangectasia
IgA deficiency
53
Phagocyte disorder
Lack if nadph oxidase activity
Normal b and t cell
Chronic granulomatous
- recurrent infection with catalase-positive bacteria
- fungi
Tx: antibiotic chemop
54
Autosomal recessive disease
Failure of phagolysosomal fusion
Faulty microtubules impair neutrophil chemotaxis
Chediak higashi syndrome
Tx antibotics
Recurrent pyogenic infxn caused by staph and strep
55
```
Autosomal recessive disease
Mutation in integrins
Defective adhesions (LFA-1) proteins on the surface phagocytes
```
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
-delayed separation of umbilical cord
Severe pyogenic infxn in infancy
Tx: antibiotics
56
2 complement disorders
Early complement deficiency
Terminal complement deficiency
Early - c2 & c3
Terminal c5-c9
57
Most common complement defect and usually asymptomatic
Recurrent pyogenic infxns due to staph aureus
Inability to form membrane-attack complexes, neisseria meningitidis & gonorrhea
C2 deficiency
C3 deficiency
Terminal complement deficiency
Tx: vaccination
58
Treatment for AIDS
Higly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Loss of cell mediated immunity
Infects and kills CD4 + helper T cells
59
B cells yes for everything except
T cell yea for everythinh except
B cells and t cells
Phagocytes, yes for
Complement
1. Except fungi
2. Except bacteria
3. Yes all
4. Phagocytes yes for fungi and bacteria
5. Yes for bacteria alone
60
If catalase positive
If catalase negative
If coagulase positive
If coagulase negative
1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus (chains)
3. S. Aureus
4. S. Epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus
Novibiocin resistant, novobiocin sensitive
61
Differentiate s. Epidermidis to S. Saphrophyticus
After novobiocin
S. sapro if resistant
S. Epidermidis if sensitive
Both catalase positive and coagulSe negative
62
Gram positive cocci in grape like clusters
B-hemolytic yellow or golden colonies
Salt tolerant on mannitol salts agar
Staph aureus
Habitat: human nose and skin
Mupirocin to eradicate
63
Virulence factor
1. Protein A prevents complement activation
2. Coagulase builds an insoluble fibrin capsule
Catalase detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
Hemolysins toxic to hemapoietic crlls
PV leukocidin specific for wbc
Penicillinase : inactivated penicillin derivatives
64
3 diseases you'll find strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease
Toxic shock syndrome
65
Novobiocin test
Novobiocin resistant - staph saprophyticus
Novobiocine sensitive - staph epidermidis
66
Scalded skin syndrome
Riter disease
67
2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women
1st most common cause of utis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
E. coli
68
1. Catalase negative, gamma hemolytic
2. Catalase neg, beta hem, bacitracin resistant
3. Catalase neg, beta hem, bacitracin sensitive
Group d strep
Strep agalactiae
Strep pyogenes
69
Bile optochin sensitive?
Bile optochin resistant?
A. Step pneumoniae
B. Viridans streptococci
1. A
| 2. B
70
Positie PYR test
Strep pyogenes
| Group D streptococci
71
Protease that rapidly destroys tissue
Exotoxin B
72
Antibody that decrease efficacy of streptokinase in managing MI
Titers to document antecedent skin infection
Anti streptokinase
Anti-dnase b
73
Perioral blistered lesions wih honey colored crust. Accumulation of neutrophils beneath stratum corneum
Impetigo contagiosa
74
Superficial infection extending into dermal lympatics
Deeper infection involving subcutaneous/dermal tissues
Rapidly progressive infxn of deep subcutaneous tissues
Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Necrotizing fasciitis
75
Due to erythrogenic toxin, seen in lysogenized strains fever, strawberry tongue, centrifugal rash, sandpaper like, pastia's lines, desquamation
Scarlet fever
76
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is due to
Pyogenic exotoxin A
77
Acute rheumatic fever
| JONES CRITERIA
1. Migratory polyarthritis
2. Pancarditis
3. Erythema marginatum
4. Sydenham chorea
Subcutaneous nodule
78
Glomerulonephritis ssx:
DOC: parenteral and oral
Hematuria, htn & periorbital edema
Parenteral : pen G
Oral : pen V
79
Grow using LIM BROTH
Group b strep aka strep agalactiae
80
Hydrolyze hippurate
And camp test positive
Group b strep
81
Treatment for group b strep
Pen g!
For serious infxn pen g *+ aminoglycoside
82
All pregnant women should be screen for GBS colonization
35-37 weeks AOG
83
Gamma (nonhemolytic) colonies
Bile and optochin resistant
Can grown in 6.5 % nacl
Other term
Group d step
Aka enterococcus faecalis
84
UTis due to indwelling urinary catheters & urinary tract instrumentation
Group D strep
85
Treatment for group d strep
Penicillin plus gentamycin
Vancomycin
Linezolid
86
Gram positive lancet shaped cocci in pairs
strep pneumonia
-alpha hemolytic
87
Positive quelling reaction
Strep pneumoniae
88
Optochin sensitivity
Optohin
Viridans resistant
Pneumonia sensitive
