Micro 251 Exam 3

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

present at birth

Question 2

adaptive immunity

Answer 2

must be acquired

Question 3

pathogen-associated patterns (PAMPS)

Answer 3

molecules shared by microorganisms

Question 4

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 4

receptors on WBCs for PAMPs

Question 5

T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte/ Plasma Cells are examples of

Answer 5

adaptive immunity

Question 6

granulocytes

Answer 6

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

Question 7

agranulocytes

Answer 7

monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes

Question 8

primary lymphatic organs

Answer 8

red bone marrow and thymus gland

Question 9

secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 9

lymph nodes and spleen

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

alert the immune system to distinguish the type of infection

Question 11

chemokines

Answer 11

chemical signal that will induce chemotaxis or trafficking of immune cells to the site of infection

Question 12

diapedesis

Answer 12

migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

Question 13

chemotaxis

Answer 13

migration in response to chemokines

Question 14

Which immune cells were phagocytic?

Answer 14

monocyte, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 15

interferon alpha

Answer 15

lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 16

interferon beta

Answer 16

fibroblasts and epithelial cells

Question 17

interferon gamma

Answer 17

T cells

Question 18

classical pathway

Answer 18

antigen-antibody immune complexes

Question 19

lectin pathway

Answer 19

PAMP recognition by lectins

Question 20

alternative pathway

Answer 20

spontaneous hydrolysis or pathogenic surfaces

Question 21

interferon

Answer 21

produced in response to viruses

Question 22

spore formers gram-positive bacilli

Answer 22

bacillus and clostridium

Question 23

non-spore-formers gram-positive bacilli (regular shape)

Answer 23

listeria and erysipelothrix

Question 24

non-spore-formers gram-positive bacilli (irregular shape/ non-acid-fast)

Answer 24

corynebacterium and propionibacterium

Question 25

non-spore-formers gram-positive bacilli (irregular shape/acid-fast)

Answer 25

mycobacterium

Question 26

non-spore-formers gram-positive bacilli (irregular shape/ filamentous branching cells)

Answer 26

actinomyces and nocardia

Question 27

Bacillus anthracis causes what?

Answer 27

anthrax

Question 28

Clostridium perfringes causes what?

Answer 28

food posoining and gas gangrene

Question 29

Clostridium tetani causes what?

Answer 29

tetanus

Question 30

botulism

Answer 30

intoxication associated with inadequate food preservation

Question 31

Listeria monocytogenes causes what?

Answer 31

Listeria

Question 32

Mycobacterium leprae causes what?

Answer 32

leprosy

Question 33

What are the two forms of leprosy?

Answer 33

1. tuberculoid 2. lepromatous

Question 34

tuberculoid

Answer 34

shallow lesions

Question 35

lepromatous

Answer 35

severe disfigurement in the face and extremities

Question 36

MCH class I

Answer 36

regulates immune reactions

Question 37

MCH class II

Answer 37

regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

Question 38

B-cell receptors

Answer 38

bind free antigens

Question 39

T-cell receptors

Answer 39

bind processed antigens

Question 40

immunoglobulins

Answer 40

- are large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells - composed of 4 polypeptide chains (2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains)

Question 41

When B cell receptor is secreted it is called an?

Answer 41

antibody

Question 42

memory CD4 T cell

Answer 42

I remember pathogens activate cells if they return

Question 43

helper CD4 T cell

Answer 43

I help other cells become active

Question 44

regulatory CD4 T cell

Answer 44

I keep other cells from overreacting

Question 45

T helper 17 T cell

Answer 45

I recruit neutrophils and kill helminthes

Question 46

Cytotoxic/killer T cells

Answer 46

perforins- punch holes in target cells granzymes- cause cell to undergo apoptosis

Question 47

epitope

Answer 47

small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes

Question 48

haptens

Answer 48

small foreign molecules that consist only of a determinant group

Question 49

Haptens are not antigenic unless?

Answer 49

attached to a larger carrier

Question 50

superantigens

Answer 50

potent T cell stimulators

Question 51

autoantigens

Answer 51

molecules on self-tissues for which tolerance is inadequate

Question 52

Plasma cells secrete?

Answer 52

antibodies

Question 53

opsonization

Answer 53

process of coating microorganisms with specific antibodies

Question 54

complement fixation

Answer 54

activation of the classical complement pathway can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses

Question 55

Covering of a virus particle includes?

Answer 55

-covering- capsid and envelope (not found in all viruses) -central core- DNA or RNA and matrix protein enzymes (not found in all viruses)

Question 56

Naked

Answer 56

viruses lacking an envelope

Question 57

Spikes

Answer 57

are essential for attachment of the virus to the host cell

Question 58

poxviruses

Answer 58

lack a typical capsid and are covered by a dense layer of lipoproteins

Question 59

bacteriophages

Answer 59

have a polyhedral nucleocapsid, helical tail, and attachment fibers

Question 60

Uncoating happens in?

Answer 60

animal viruses only

Question 61

cytopathic effects

Answer 61

virus-induced damage to cells

Question 62

prions

Answer 62

misfolded proteins contains no nucleic acid

Question 63

1st line of defense

Answer 63

ex. physical, chemical, and genetic barriers

Question 64

2nd line of defense

Answer 64

ex. phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon

Question 65

3rd line of defense

Answer 65

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 66

Ways to diagnose Mycobacterium TB

Answer 66

Mantoux test, vivo testing, tuberculin testing, x-rays, direct identification of acid-fast bacilli in the specimen, cultural isolation, and biochemical testing

Question 67

3 general groups of Gram-positive bacilli

Answer 67

1. endospore formers 2. non-endospore-formers 3. irregular shaped and staining properties

Question 68

viruses

Answer 68

- small noncellular particles with a definite size, shape, and chemical composition -obligate intracellular parasites -considered the most abundant microbes on earth

Question 69

unlike living things, viruses

Answer 69

- are not organized cells -do not reproduce on their own -lack homeostasis and regulation, growth/development, and energy processing