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GU I > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

how do ongoing STIs facilitate the transmission of HIV?

A

create small mucosal lesions where CD4 T cells and macrophages are so it gets easy access

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2
Q

which cause of vaginal discharge is strictly STI?

A

protozoal, the other two can also be from overgrowth of normal microbiota

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3
Q

what is the cause of bacterial vaginosis?

A

decreased lactobacilli

overgrowth of gardnerella vaginalis

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4
Q

what is seen on wet prep for bacterial vaginosis?

A

clue cell

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5
Q

what are the criteria for diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis?

A 
pH >4.5
thin white (milky) discharge
fishy odor with "whiff test"
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6
Q

Discuss gardnerella vaginalis?

A 
Gr + rod
non motile, non encapsulated
beta hemolytic
creates biofilms -> vaginosis
resistant to lactic acid h2O2
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7
Q

risk factors for fungal vulvovaginitis

A

diabetes
antibiotics
pregnancy
inc. exposure to moisture

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8
Q

what are the criteria for dx of fungal vulvovaginitis

A

pH

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9
Q

Discuss candida albicans

A 
dimorphic fungus
ubiquitous
pseudohyphae in vivo
true hypae in environment
dx with germ tube test
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10
Q

risk factors for candida albicans infection

A

antibiotics, dec. CMI, diabetes, elderly, catheter

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11
Q

what are the criteria for diagnosis of trichomoniasis

A 
pH >4.5
yellow greeen frothy discharge
fishy odor on "whiff test"
microscopy: trichomonads, >10 WBCs per high powered field
strawberry cervix
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12
Q

Discuss trichomonas vaginalis

A 
flagellated protozoan
motile
trophozoite (no cyst)
facultative anaerobe
proteases, toxins-VF
dx with NAAT and other molecular tests
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13
Q

what are the trichomonas 5 Fs?

A 
flagella
frothy discharge
fishy odor
fornication
flagyl (metronidazole)
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14
Q

Discuss lactobacillus

A

Gr + rod
non endospore forming
acidophilic (produces lactic acid)
makes hydrogen peroxide

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15
Q

Discuss mycoplasma

A

prokaryotes
CM contains sterols
pleopmorphic-> lacks cw
tiny fried egg colonies

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16
Q

discuss strep. agalactiae (GBS)

A 
Gr + coccus, chains
sialic acid capsule
leading cause of meningitis  in kids
beta hemolytic
bacitracin resistant
catalase -
\+ CAMP and hippurate hydrolysis
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17
Q

what is the main cause of NGU urethritis?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of NGU discharge vs gonococcal discharge?

A

NGU- clear and serous

GU- purulent

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19
Q

general characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A 
gr - diplococcus
kidney beans
human reservoir
LOS
oxidizes glucose
oxidase +
catalase +
chocolate/thayer martin agar`\
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20
Q

what can infections from childbirth manifest as?

A

conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, arthritis, sepsis, meningitis

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21
Q

what are the virulence factors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A 
opa 
pilli
IgA1 protease
facultative intracellular
LOS
bind host sialic acid
outer membrane blebbing
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22
Q

general characteristics of chlamydia trachomatis

A 
gr -
obligate intracellular
lack peptidoglycan
human reservoir
elementary body in environment
reticulate body (actively replicating)
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23
Q

what can infections during childbirth cause?

A

inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia

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24
Q

what are the signs of a disseminated gonococcal infection?

A

migratory polyarthralgia
septic arthritis
petechial skin lesions

25
Q

what do you see on gram stain for gonorrhea?

A

PMNs with intracellular gram - diplococci in the cells

26
Q

what is reiter syndrome in associate with chlamydia?

A

urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, mucocutaneous lesions

27
Q

the most frequent cause of bacterial STI in the US is?

A

chlamydia

28
Q

actinomyces israelii PID is associated with waht?

A

IUDs

29
Q

the causes and effects of PID CAN be EPIC

A 
Chlamydia
actinomyces
Neisseria
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pain
30
Q

what is the cardinal presenting symptom of PID

A

lower abdominal pain

31
Q

what causes the complication Fitz hugh curtis syndrome

A

PID due to chlamydia and neisseria

adhesions similar to violin strings found between abd wall and liver

32
Q

what is seen with PID on pelvic exam?

A

CMT
purulent endocervical discharge
tender adnexal mass

33
Q

how should PID be treated

A

treated as a mixed infection

34
Q

Discuss actinomyces israelii

A

gr + filamentous bacillus
human reservoir
non acid fast
characteristic sulfur granules

35
Q

describe HPV

A

naked
dsDNA, circular
replicates in nucleus

36
Q

what types of HPV cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomas

A

types 6 and 11

37
Q

what is condylomata acuminata

A

genital warts

38
Q

what type of HPV is most common in malignancy and can spontaneously regress?

A

type 16

39
Q

what are the two types of HPV that can cause malignancy?

A

type 16 and 18

16 most common

40
Q

what early HPV gene products are implicated in malignancy

A

E6 and E7
interact with pRB (tumor suppressor)
degradation of p53 (tumore suppressor protein)

41
Q

which genital ulcers are painful?

A

genital herpes

chancroid ulcers

42
Q

which genital ulcers are painless?

A

syphilitic
lymphogranuloma venereum
granuloma inguinale

43
Q

characteristics of genital herpes

A 
enveloped
dsDNA
nucleus
HSV2 mc
recurrent
painful vesicular lesions
44
Q

where does herpes lay dormant?

A

sacral ganglia

45
Q

what test do you use to test for genital herpes?

A

tzanch test showing multinucleate giant cells

46
Q

what does haemophilus ducreyi cause?

A

chancroid ulcers

47
Q

characteristics of haemophilus ducreyi

A 
gr - coccobacillus
strictly human pathogen
facultative anaerobe
chocolate agar
cytotoxin, pili, LOS
lymphadenopathy with bubos
48
Q

what is seen on gram stain with chancroid ulcers?

A

school of fish

gr - coccobacillus

49
Q

what does treponema pallidum cause?

A

syphillis

50
Q

characteristics of treponema pallidum?

A 
gr - spiral
human reservoir
extremely labile
very motile (axial filaments)
penicillin sensitive
51
Q

characteristics of primary syphillis

A

highly infectious
hard chancre
painless

52
Q

characteristics of secondary syphillis

A

high infectious
rash on skin
may see condyloma lata

53
Q

characteristics of tertiary syphillis

A

noncontagious
gummatous
cardiovascular
neurosyphilis

54
Q

what are the 2 serological tests for syphilis?

A

treponemal tests
use pallidum as antigen
nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR)

55
Q

what causes lymphogranuloma venereum

A

chlamydia trachomatis

invades lymphatic tissue

56
Q

what are the signs of lymphogranuloma venereum

A

tropical bubo

groove sign

57
Q

what causes granuloma inguinale

A 
klebsiella granulomatis (gr - rod, capsule, nonmotile)
donovan bodies
subcutaneous nodules
58
Q

what is a normal microscopic test on syphilis?

A

dark field microscopy

GU I (8 decks)

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