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1
Q

what do Lipid A (outer mem of g-) and Lipoteichoic acid (outer layer of g+ cell wall) induce?

A

both serve as major surface antigens and induced TNF and IL-1.

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2
Q

where are b-lactamases found?

A

Periplasmic space

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3
Q

define Glycocalyx

A

network of polysachharides that mediates adherence to surface, i.e. as a biofilm to cathether

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4
Q

G+ rods

A

Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diptheria, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, Listeria, Mycobacterium

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5
Q

Camplyobacter classification

A

G- enteric

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6
Q

Giemsa stain organisms

A

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Plasmodium. these are pleomorphic.

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7
Q

Chlamydia: high or low muramic acid?

A

low

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8
Q

carbol-fuchsin aka Ziehl-Neelsen stain

A

Acid fast: bacteria = Nocardia, Mycobacterium. protozoa = cryptosporidium.

auramine-rhodopsin is an alternative

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9
Q

silver stain organismis

A

PCP, Legionella, H Pylori

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10
Q

PAS

A

Whipples: Cardiac sx, Arthralgias, and Neuro sx + malabsorption. Foamy macrophages in intestinal LP.

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11
Q

describe Thayer-Martin agar

A 
Chocolate agar + antibiotics. 
AKA VPN (p =polymyxin). But we know it cantains Very Nice Chocolate Treats. 
Vanco (G+), 
Nystatin (fungi), 
Colistatin (G- except Neisseria), 
Trimethoprim .
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12
Q

Sabourad agar

A

Fungi. Sab is a fun guy!

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13
Q

Anaerobic bacteria lack___________and are susceptible to __________damage

A

lack Catalase/SOD. oxidative damage. they are foul smelling.

Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium.

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14
Q

________ ineffective against clostridium

A

Aminoglycosides are ineffective against Anaerobic organisms

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15
Q

keep nocardia and actinomyces 02 req straigth

A

nocardia: the air bellow even though inside. its Aerobe

actinomyces

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16
Q

how do conjugate vaccines enhance immunogenicity

A

Promote t cell activation and class switching

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17
Q

urease positive organisms (list)

A

Cryptococcus, H pylori, Proteus, Klebsiella, Straph epidermidis/saprophyticus, Nocardia!, Ureaplasma

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18
Q

Stones from organisms such as Crptococcus, Klebsiella, Nocardia

A

Urease + organisms cause struvite aka ammonium magneisum phosphate kidney stones –> staghorn calculi

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19
Q

people with recurrent catalase + infections (dont forget serratia)

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency)

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20
Q

f(x) of protein A (dont confuse with IgA protease)

A

expressed by staph aureus. binds Fc of IgG.

Prevents opsonization/complement/phagocytosis

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21
Q

organisms that express IgA protease

A

Strep pneumo, H flu, Neisseria –> helps to colonize respiratory mucosa (SHiN)

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22
Q

f(x) of M protein

A

prevent phagocytosis (strep pyo aka GAS)

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23
Q

Type 3 injectisome secretion system

A

Shigella, Salmonella, E coli, Pseudomonas

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24
Q

Exotoxin vs Endotoxin

A

Exo: polypeptide, secreted from cell, genes on plasmid/bacteriophage. low ID50 = highly fatal/toxic. Destroyed with heat.

Endo: polysachharadie, no secreted, released upon lysis, low toxicity, induces TNF, IL-1, IL6, can cause DIC, stable at 100 C heat.

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25
extoxins that inhibit protein synthesis
Inactivate EF-2: Diptheria and Exotoxin A(PSEUDOmonas) | Inactivate 60S by removing adenine from rRNA = Shiga and Shiga-like toxin (EHEC)
26
difference btwn Shiga and Shiga-like toxin (E coli)
both inactivate protein synthesis by removing adenine from 60S rRNA. "60$ for A # 9 HUS burger" EHEC does NOT invade host cells Shigella DOES INVADE
27
whats does 60$ for A #9 HUS burger remind us of?
that shigella and shiga-like toxin remove adenine from the 60S ribosome (rRNA) = inhibit protein synthesis. burgers = protein
28
ETEC toxins
heat labile: aL Agua -->increase cAMP = INCREASED Cl secretion heat stable: San Gabriel-->increase cGMP = DECREASED NaCl and H20 resorption LAS SG
29
edema toxin
Bacillus anthracis --> increased cAMP (edematous borders of black eschar)
30
cholera toxin
increase cAMP = increase Cl secretion = rice water diarrhea
31
exotoxin that inhibits phagocytic ability
Impairs Gi-->increase cAMP ----->impairs phagocytosis. My nigga Pertussis .Pertussus blocks phagocytosis. (4-5 week hx of cough "100 day cough")
32
prevents release inhibitory nt's (GABA/Glycine)
Tetanospasmin
33
prevents release of stimulatory signals (ACH) @ NMJ
Botulinum
34
What bug degrades phospholipids to lyse cell membranes?
C perfrigens. Alpha toxin = lecithinase
35
double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
alpha toxin c perfringens
36
Exotoxins that lyse cell membranes
alpha toxin (c perf) and streptolysin O
37
antibodies against oxin used to dx rheumatic fever
streptolysin o... = ASO
38
Superantigen releases:
Il-1, Il-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha. binds MHC II and TCRj
39
which of the systemic mycoses is not a yeast in the heat (tissue)
Coccioidomycosis is a spherule in the tissue --> filled with endospores
40
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys and within macrophages
Histoplasmosis hides. bird or bat droppings dont be a peasant and go for crypto
41
Histo and Cocci and blasto compared to rbc
Histo is much smaller; cocci and paracocci is much bigger. blasto is the same size as rBc
42
broad base budding
blasto. forms granulomatous nodules granuloma). can disseminate from lung to skin and bone.
43
pneumonia and meningitis, can disseminate to bone and skin.
Coccidioidomycosis
44
spherules within endospores
cocci
45
captains wheel budding yeast
paracocci
46
severe diarrhea in AIDS
Cryptosporidium--> oocysts on acid-fast stain
47
tx and triad for toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine. Triad = yellow spots on fundus (chorioretinis), hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications (ring-enhancing lesions-->abscess)
48
Ixodes tick
Babesia and Borrelia
49
Maltese cross + hemolytic anemia (indirect bilirubinemia, increased LDH, decreased haptoglobin, abnormal liver tests)
Babesiosis. Tx with Azithromycin + Atovoquone
50
Tx for chagas (t cruzi)
Nifurtimox or Benznidazole. I like to Cruz around in a benz or new ferrari (ni fur raari)
51
Sx of T. cruzi
Chagas disease: DCM + ACHALASIA, megacolon/megaesophagas. UNILATERAL PERIORBITAL SWELLING = ROMANA SIGN = ACUTE STAGE
52
Kala-azar: spiking fever, pancytopenia, heaptosplenomegaly
Sandly: Leishmania donovania. Treat with STIBOGLUCONATE, Amphotericin B
53
rash that starts on face and moves down
Parvovirus (slapped cheek), Rubella, Measles
54
rash that starts on the trunk and moves up
Rosela (hhv-6)
55
febrile seizure or just high ass fever, later develops rash
Roseola - HHV-6
56
hydrops fetalis
Parvo and Syphilis = torch. | alpha thalassemia
57
nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE)
sterile thrombi attached to mitral valve (noninfectious endocarditis). Associated with: Advanced malignancy, chronic inflam disorders (SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome), and sepsis
58
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis, swimming in freshwater, enters via Cribiform plate
Naegleria Fowleri
59
Dermatophytes = branching septate hyphae visible on _________
KOH preparation Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (malessezia is different even though same name)
60
Malassezia = tinea versicolor = yeast-like fungus. Degradation of lipids produces acids that damage _______ and cause ____ patches. Common in summer. Spaghetti and meatballs on microscopy. Tx:
melanocytes; hypopigmented; selenium sulfide
61
fungal infection with germ tubes/pseudohyphae/budding
Candida (looks like meth pipe)
62
causes Bronchiectasis and eosinophilia, associated with asthma and cystic fibrosis
Aspergillus
63
Acute angled branching septate hyphae vs broad nonseptate hyphae at wide angles
Acute angle = aspergillus | nonseptate hphae = mucor/rhizopus
64
cryptococcus latex agglutination teset detects _______
polysachharide capsular antigen. MORE SPECIFIC THAN india ink or mucicarmine technically
65
Cryptococcus ("Budding yeast") infects:
inhalation so first infects lungs. then hematogenous dissemination to meninges = CNS.
66
Bactrim Pentamidine Dapsone (also for leprosy) Atovaquone
PCP
67
budding yeast is traumatically introduced, causes a local pustule/ulcer, and spreads along lymphatics
Sporothrix schenkii: ascending lymphangitis
68
Major defense against Giardia infection
Its a GI infection so secretory IgA impairs its adherence (so don't be a peasant and pick eosinophils because its a protozoa)
69
bloody diarrhea, liver abcess, RUQ pain. Flask-shaped ulcer seen on histology
Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasais). Tx with Iodoquinol or metronidazole
70
Toxoplasma: tell me the triad and treatment
Yellow/white retinal spots (chorioretinitis), hydrocephalus, intracranial lesions. Reactivated in AIDS = ring-enhancing lesions = abscess Tx= sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine. PS: ring-enhancing lesions in AIDS reactivation
71
Name the protozoa in which you see a recurring fever due to antigenic variation
Trypanosoma brucia --> TseTse fly. Tx = Suramin and Melarsoprol
72
what are you dx with scotch tape test?
Enterobius vermicularis --> Pinworm
73
Nematodal infection at ileocecal valve
Ascaris lumbricoides
74
Diethylcarbamazine used for
Loa loa and Wucheria bancrofti(elephantiasis)
75
Ingestion of larvae from freshwater causes megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium: vit b12 deficiency (tape worm competes for b12 in the intestine)
76
Biliary tract inflammation (pigmented gallstones) and cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis: Liver fluke
77
HDV is an example of ____________ because this is when 1 of 2 viruses infecting the cell has a mutation that results in a ___________ protein
Complementation; nonfunctional. | -->the nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses
78
Live vaccines (dangerous to give to immunocompromised or their contacts. Can give MMR to HIV+ pt with no signs of immunodef)
``` MMR Smallpox Yellow fever Chickenpox (VZV) Sabin polio Influenza (intranasal) ``` Sabin the small yellow chicken FLUE IN (influenza) my nose
79
Killed Vaccines
RIP Always: Rabies, Influenza, Polio (salk), HAV
80
dsRNA and ssDNA
dsRNA: Reo ssDNA: Parvo
81
Naked nucleic acids of __________ are not infectious and require _____
- strand ssRNA and dsRNA; require polymerases in virion
82
Viral replication rules (nucleus/cytoplasm)
DNA: all in nucleus (except Pox) RNA: all in cytoplasm (except Influenza and Retro)
83
enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes from ________, except for ___________
Plasma membranes as the exit the cell exception = Herpesviruses, acquire from nuclear mem
84
what does Pox carry so that it can replicate in cytoplasm
DNA-dep RNA polymerase
85
non-retro virus that has a reverse transcriptase
HBV
86
Sx of Adenovirus
Febrile pharyngitis (sore throat) Hemorrhagic cystitis (acute) Pneumonia Conjunctivitis (close quarters)
87
Molluscum contagiosum
flesh-colored papule with central umbilication --> Poxvirus
88
Intranuclear acidophilic inclusions: | Intranuclear basophilic inclusions:
``` acidophilic = HSV basophilic = CMV ```
89
Latent in trigeminal ganglion
VZV, HSV 1
90
which LN does EBV attack
Posterior Cervical
91
Pharyngitis + - ---Tenosynovitis - ---Glomerulonephritis - ---Endocarditis
P and T: Neisseria Gonnorhea P and G: Strep Pyo P and E: Corynebacterium Diptheria
92
G- Lactose Fermenter: Indole + vs Indole -
Indole+: E coli Indole-: Enterobacter both = common cause UTI
93
Treatment for bacterial (Gardnerella) vaginalis
Metronidazole or CLINDAMYCIN
94
cat scratch vs dog bite
Cats: Pasteurella (more common); Bartonella henslae (self-limiting lymphadeno) Dogs: Pasteurella , Strep, Staph
95
Facial pain, headache, black necrotic eschar
Mucormycosis (not anthrax fool). Seen in DKA pt | Need to do histology aka Mucosal BIOPSY -->will show broad non-septate hypae with R-angle branching

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