Micro Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
primary amebic meningoencephalitis
A
Naegleria
2
Q
invasion Naegleria
A
cribifrom plate to olfactory nerve
3
Q
granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
A
Acanthamoeba
4
Q
invasion Acanthamoeba
A
hematogenous spread from skin lesion through eye or inhalation
5
Q
clinical manifestation Acanthamoeba
A
keratitis on soft contact lenses or corneal trauma
6
Q
vector onchocerciasis
A
Simulium flies
7
Q
clinical manifestations onchocerciasis
A
hanging groin-lymphadenitis
lizard skin
invasion of eye by microfilariae
8
Q
diagnosis onchocerciasis
A
microfilariae in skin snips
Mazzotti-DEC causing intense itching
9
Q
cause of complications in onchocerciasis
A
microfilariae associated with Wolbachia
10
Q
Ivermectin in onchocerciasis
A
only treats microfilariae (helps with blindness)
11
Q
transmission Wuchereria
A
mosquitoes
12
Q
early manifestations Wuchereria
A
inflammatory
fever, redness, cough, SOB, asthma
13
Q
later manifestations Wuchereria
A
obstructive
grotesque swellings of scrotum, legs, breasts
14
Q
chyluria
A
lymph fluid and emulsified fat in urine
15
Q
diagnosis Wuchereria
A
microfilariae in blood at night
antifilarial IgG4-ELISA
16
Q
negative IgG4-ELISA in lymphatic
A
lymphedema occurs years after infection
17
Q
clinical manifestations loa loa
A
calabar swellings
migration of worm across eye
18
Q
transmission loa loa
A
day biting flies (Chrysops)
19
Q
diagnosis loa loa
A
microfilariae in blood during day
ELISA
eosinophilia
20
Q
transmission dracunculiasis
A
copepods (cyclops) ingestion through step
penetrate intestine and form liver (female)
blister ruptures in water releasing larvae
21
Q
treatment guinea worm
A
twist around small stick
too aggressive-inflammatory response
22
Q
acquisition of toxo
A
ingestion undercooked meat with cysts
ingestion parasite oocytes in contaminated food
23
Q
congenital toxo transmission
A
from acute primary infection by mother
24
Q
ocular toxo
A
retinochoroiditis
25
toxo in AIDS patients
reactivation of chronic infection
26
acute disease toxo
tachyzoite
27
latent and reactivated toxo
bradyzoite cyst
28
avian schistosomes
itching
29
life cycle schistosomiasis
man-snail-man
30
transmission schistosomiasis
cercariae penetrate skin
to lungs and then liver
portal circulation lay eggs
eggs passed in defecation
31
response in schisotomiasis
from eggs
32
deposition s. mansoni
mesenteric vessels of large intestine
33
deposition s. japonicum
mesenteric vessels of large and small intestine
34
deposition s. haematobium
urinary bladder
35
Katayama fever
acute reaction in non-immune individuals
36
complications s mansoni and s japonicum
liver fibrosis, portal HTN, chronic salmonella
37
increased risk of bladder cancer
s haematobium
38
lateral hook
s japonicum
39
lateral spine
mansoni
40
terminal spine
haematobium
41
clinical presentation T. saginata and T solium
mild GI symptoms
42
cause of cysticercosis
eggs of T solium directly infective
| causes new onset seizures
43
diphyllobothrium latum
fish tapeworm from sushi and sashimi
44
B12 deficiency cause
diphyllobothrium latum
45
most common human tapeworm
H nana
46
lifecycle h nana
immediately infective or transmission with flea or beetle in contaminated grain
47
cucumber seeds
dipylidium caninum
48
alveolar echinococcus
multilocaris
| life-cycle includes canine-rodent
49
cystic echinococcus
granulosus
50
life cycle echinococcus
dog-sheep-humans
| hydatid cysts
51
diagnosis echinoccus
space occupying lesion
| test for echinococcal Arc5 on immunoblot
52
treatment echinoccus
careful removal
| rupture of cyst leads to anaphylaxis and seeding of more cysts
53
life cycle paragonimiasis
man, snail, crab, man
54
clinical manifestations paragonimiasis
rust colored sputum
| can cause abscess
55
transmission opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis
raw or undercooked freshwater fish with larvae
56
life cycle opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis
man, snail, freshwater fish, man
57
clinical opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis
epigastric pain with tenderness over teh liver
weakness, diarrhea, jaundice, hepatomegaly
cirrhosis
58
cholangiocarcinoma
opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis
59
diagnosis opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis
operculum eggs
60
from water cress
fascioliasis
causes RUQ pain
also operculated eggs
61
from pigs and water plants
fasciolopsiasis
causes diarrhea and edema
also operculated eggs
62
life cycle
resistant to chlorinization
63
invasion of tissue for entomeba
trophozoites
64
amebic liver abscess
RUQ pain
elevated right hemidiaphragm
usually not at same time as diarrhea/dysentery complaints
65
amebic pulmonary disease
ruptures through diaphragm
pleuritic pain
redish brown sputum
66
biopsy entemeba
flask shaped
67
diagnosis entemeba
stool OPx3
68
ingested RBCs
trophozoites from E histolytica
69
sharp and central karyosome
E histolytica
70
biopsy of entemeba
take from edges
71
blastocystis
from MSM
| causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, N/V
72
Giardia on boards
St Petersburg, MSM, beavers
73
life cycle giardia
cysts in stomach
trophozoites colonize duodenum
cysts and trophozoites passed in stool
74
clinical giardia
frothy, foul-smelling and floats
yellow
lactose intolerant and malabsorption
reactive arthritis
75
diagnosis giardia
trophozoite two nuclei, ventral adhesive sucking disc
76
prevention giardia
resistant to chlorine
| requires filtration
77
dientamoeba fragilis
flagellate
| only trophozoite demonstrated, transmission in pinworm eggs
78
only ciliate infection that causes disease in intestine
balantidium
79
acid fast coccidia
cryptosporidium, isospora, cyclospora
80
two separate hosts for life cycle
sarcocystis
81
chlorine and city waters not protected from
cryptosporidium
82
diagnosis cryptosporidium
Kinyoun acid-fast stain
83
charcot leyden crystals
isospora and amebiasis
84
raspberries and mesclun lettuce
cyclospora
85
diagnosis cyclospora
under UV microscope will appear green or blue
86
sarcocystis life cycle
carnivore for sexual stage and intermediate host (herbivore)
87
obligate intracellular parasite
microsporidia
88
coiled polar filament which extrudes
microsporidia
89
clinical manifestation microsporidia
chronic diarrhea or keratoconjunctivitis
90
toxo can cause
schizophrenia
91
dientameba and chlorine
resistant
92
greater than 4 cysts
E coli
| not pathogenic
93
appearance of E histolytica
up to 4 nuclei
94
bacteria of gut
more anaerobic as you go down
95
role of microbiota in gut
nutrient uptake and metabolism
| develop barrier to colonization by foreign bacteria
96
segmented filamentous bacteria
symbiont
ability to stimulate B and T cell maturation (Th17)
anaerobic
97
causes and site of secretory diarrhea
vibrio and ETEC
| small intestine
98
causes and site of dysentery
shigella, entamoeba
large intestine
(blood and mucus)
99
causes and site of hemorrhagic colitis
EHEC
| large intestine
100
result of campylobacter
gastroenteritis from undercooked chicken
101
result of EHEC
hemorrhagic colitis, HUS, renal failure
| contaminated hand to mouth
102
result of salmonella
gestroenteritis from mayonnaise made using raw eggs
103
result shigella
gastroenteritis from hand to mouth
104
result of staph aureus
toxin consumed leading to acute food poisoning
| nasal carriage to cook
105
characteristics of campylobacter
```
gram negative
slender, cruved, comma or S shaped
unable to oxidize or ferment
microaerophilic
motile
catalase and oxidase positive
urease negative
```
106
diseases caused by campylobacter
gastroenteritis
diarrhea and septicemia
GBS
107
histology inflammatory enteritis
entire mucosa with flattened atrophic villi, necrotic villi, necrotic debris in crypts and thickened basement membrane
108
treatment campylobacter
usually self limited
| erythromycin DOC
109
diseases associated with H pylori
chronic gastritis
peptic ulcer disease
MALT
stomach adenocarcinoma
110
characteristics H pylori
gram negative rod, curve shaped
4-6 unipolar sheathed flagella
microaerophilic
oxidase, catalase, urease, alk phosphatase
111
major virulence factors H pylori
motility and urease production
112
increased virulence H pylori
CagA
| causes more damage to epithelial cells
113
other virulence factors H pylori
CagA
VacA
phospholipase and protease
114
first line treatment of H pylori
PPI and two antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin/metronidazole)
bidx7
115
second line treatment of H pylori
PPI and bismuth and tetracycline and metronidazole bidx14
116
toxin EHEC
shiga-like toxin
117
location EHEC
large intestine
| attaching-effacing
118
inoculum EHEC
low like shigella
119
characteristics shigella
```
non-lactose fermenting
gram negative
do not produce H2S
nonmotile
most effective among enteric pathogens
```
120
pathogenesis shigella
target cells in colon by invading M cells in Peyer patches
type III sec system to induce membrane ruffling
lyse phagocytic vacuole
cell to cell spread through actin tail
induce apoptosis
121
mechanism of Shiga toxin
cleave 28s rRNA in 60s ribosomal subunit
| AB5
122
methylene blue stain
shows presence of PMN
| can show signs of shigella, salmonella, or campylobacter
123
transmission shigella
fingers, flies, food, feces
124
treatment shigella
fluid and electrolyte replacement
| cipro in severe
125
hosts salmonella choleraesuis
swine and human pathogen
126
salmonella characteristics
do not ferment lactose
produce H2S
antigens-O, H, capsular Vi
facultative intracellular growth
127
diseases caused by salmonella
gastroenteritis
typhoid fever
bacteremia
localized infections (osteomyelitis, meningitis)
128
typhoid fever agents
s typhi and paratyphi
129
transmission typhoid fever
6-30 day incubation
symptoms-fever, HA, malaise, anorexia
small intestine through Peyers patches and spread to liver, gallbladder, and spleen
130
survival of typhoid
in phagosomes
| carrier state
131
typhoid vaccine
short term protection
| not that effective
132
characteristics of yersiniae
gram negative rods, facultative anaerobic
lactose non-fermenter
oxidase negative
133
reservoir for enterocolitica
pigs, rodents, livestock, rabbits
134
reservoir for pseudotuberculosis
rodents, wilde animals, game birds
135
agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues
y pestis
136
covered with protein capsule
y pestis
137
grow at cold temperature
y enterocolitica
138
mesenteric adenitis
resemble appendicitis
| can be caused by enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis
139
more common in colder areas
y enterocolitica
140
treatment pseudotuberculosis
ampicillin and tetracycline
141
treatment enterocolitica
ampicillin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin
142
characteristics c diff
gram positive
spore forming
anaerobe
toxin producing
143
treatment c diff
metronidazole or vancomycin
144
enterotoxin A
produce chemotaxis for neutrophils
| induce cytokine hemorrhagic necorsis
145
cytotoxin B
induces depolymerization of actin
146
<1 hr food poisoning
chemical ingestion
147
1-7 hr
s aureus or b cereus
148
8-12 hr
other bacterial agents
149
>15 hr
viral
150
most common causes of food poisoning
salmonella
campylobacter
shigella
151
cAMP controls
NaCl absorption
152
characteristics vibrio
```
gram negative
comma shaped
facultative anaerobe
fermentative
oxidase positive
single polar flagellum (H antigen)
```
153
encapsulated vibrio
O139
154
classic cholera subtypes
O139 and O1
155
hardier strain that persists longer in nature and man
O1
156
did not hybridize on southern blot
O1
157
pathogenesis vibrio
targets intestine because requires low pH
| survive enzymatic activities and peristaltic action of intestine
158
cholera toxin
impairs normal absorption
AC to cAMP
carried on single stranded DNA phage
159
Cfa
colinization factor of cholera
160
TcpA
toxin coregulated pilus of cholera
| occurs in bundles and are localized to one end
161
LTA
labile toxin of cholera
162
A1 cholera toxin
ADP ribosylates G protein
163
B cholera toxin
binds ganglioside on cell surface
164
role of hemagglutinin in cholera
act as adhesins
165
treatment cholera
mostly oral rehydration
self-limiting disease
doxy or tetra in adults
166
treatment cholera pregnant
furazolidone
167
treatment cholera in children
trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole
168
transmission and clinical vibrio vulnificus
raw or undercooked shellfish
| cellulitis, wound infection, septicemia
169
transmission and clinical vibrio parahaemoltyicus
gastroenteritis after raw oysters and clams
| can cause wound infections (more severe in liver disease or immunocompromised)
170
characteristics b cereus
aerobic
motile
non-encapsualted
spores
171
clinical manifestation b cereus
emetic food poisoning
diarrhea food poisoning
eye infections
172
virulence factors b cereus
```
spore formation
lecithinase (PLC)
exotoxin
vascular permeability action
labile toxin
cereolysin
```
173
necrotic toxin
vascular permeability action
| heat labile
174
cereolysin
hemolysin which disrupts cholesterol of cell membrane
175
treatment b cereus
fluid and electrolyte replacement
| vanco, cipro, gentamycin
176
characteristics staph aureus
```
gram positive, cluster-forming coccus
nonmotile, non-spore forming
facultative anaerobe
ferments glucose to form lactic acid
ferments mannitol
catalase and coagulase positive
```
177
most commonly associated with food poisoning enterotoxin
staph A
178
second most common with food poisoning
D
179
associated with staph enterocolitis
B
180
not food associated
TSST-1
181
acts on brain vomit center
inhibits intestinal water absorption
strong inducer IL-1
enterotoxin A-E
182
incubation period staph
4 hrs
non-bloody diarrhea
no fever
183
incubation period viral gastro
2-4 days
184
adenovirus
ds DNA
185
ds RNA
reovirus
186
characteristics reovirus
```
naked
acid stable
two icosahedral capsules
RNA dependent RNAP and capping enzymes inside core
10-12 segments
```
187
tubular structrues
originates from vertices of the core (internal capsid) and extend through vertices of external capsid
188
location viral replication and transcription reo
within viral core structrue
189
steps of replication reo
outermost uncoated after entry
| core enzymes activated and make new genome and mRNA in core
190
role of tubular projections
transport channels for viral mRNAs out of the core and into cytoplasm
191
hosts orthoreovirus
humans only
192
orbovirus
replicate in vertebrates, all replicate in insects
193
colorado tick fever
mild febrile without rash, ocular pain
transmitted by dermacentor ticks
diphasic fever
194
rotovirus
human infantile diarrhea
infects cells at tips of villi
incubation 2-4 days
195
RotaTeq vaccine
oral, live attenuated vaccine
| pentavalent
196
minimum age RotaTeq
6 weeks
197
start RotaTeq
12 weeks
| 3 doses at 2, 4, 6 months
198
structure caliciviridae
icosahedral capsid
positive RNA
ss, non segmented
199
noroviruses genotypes
G1 and G2
200
characteristics norovirus
only small number to produce disease
prolonged shedding (2 weeks)
resists inactivation by alcohols and detergents
long immunity not developed (short lived IgA)
201
resistance to norovirus
B and AB bind it poorly
| resist initial stages
202
peak incidence norovirus
winter months
203
viral structure coronaviridae
+RNA
helical nucleocapsid surrounded by viral envelope
peplomers
replicate in cytoplasm
204
replication coronavirus
in cytoplasm
replicative intermediate
buds at plasma membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles
205
diseases from coronavirus
SARS
| gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns
206
two genera astroviridae
mamastroviruses and avastroviruses
207
high levels of gastro worldwide
astroviruses
208
structure astroviruses
non enveloped icosahedral capsid
star shaped appearance
+RNA, ss, non-segmented
