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Micro Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

True Nucleus

E.g. Human cells, protozoa

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No True Nucleus, No Organelles
No mitochondria
E.g. Bacteria

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3
Q

IgA

A

Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears)
- buys time for body to ID invader
Found in Breast Milk

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4
Q

IgD

A

Helps IgG

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5
Q

IgE

A

Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
Increased in Hodgkin’s Disease

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6
Q

IgG

A 
First to increase (second exposure)
Most numerous
Crosses placenta
Anamnestic response "without amnesia" 
- Body remembers disease and mounts same IgG response next time
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7
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer (10 binding sites) non - specific
largest and heaviest
First to increase (first exposure

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8
Q

Inclusion bodies: Aschoff

A

Rheumatic fever

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9
Q

Diptheria

A

Grey pseudomembrane in throat

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10
Q

Inclusion bodies: Downey cell

A

Mononucleosis

Atypical lymphocytes

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11
Q

Inclusion bodies: Gohn Comples

A

TB (inactive phase)

Calcium “jail” around mycobacterium

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12
Q

Inclusion bodies: Guarneri Bodies

A

Small pox (various)

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13
Q

Inclusion bodies: Gummas

A

Tertiary Syphilis

in brain

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14
Q

Inclusion bodies: Koplik spots

A

Measles - Rubeola/red measles

On Buccal mucosa white/bluish spots

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15
Q

Inclusion bodies: Lewy Bodies

A

Parkinson’s aka Paralysis Agitans

Shuffling/festinating gait

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16
Q

Inclusion bodies: Negri Bodies

A

Rabies (hydrophobia)

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17
Q

Inclusion bodies: Reed Sternberg

A

Hodgkin’s

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18
Q

Inclusion bodies: Russell Bodies

A

In plasma cells
consist of antibodies from chronic inflammation and malignant disorders
Multiple Myeloma

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19
Q

Active Immunity

A

Makes own antibodies

must actively make antibodies

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20
Q

natural Active Immunity

A

Exposed to disease
body reacts
triggers antibody production

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21
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Injection of attenuated organism

inactivated portion that triggers immune system to make antibody

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22
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Receives antibodies outside

Given antibodies

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23
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Given Ab in utero - IgG

breastfeeding - IgA

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24
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Injection of preformed antibodies

Pre-made antibody attacks circulating toxins not bound toxins

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25
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type I
Anaphylactic - Immediate Rapid 12-30 Bronchial asthma (allergy), Bee sting, Hay fever IgE, Mast cell, Basophils
26
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type II
``` Cytotoxic Min - Hours Goodpasteur's (Lung & Kidney) Erythroblastosis fettles = coombs anemia Blood transfusions Myasthenia gravis Grave's disease - IgG involved, Targets cell for phagocytosis - 2 Things: Antigen & Antibody ```
27
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type III
``` Immunecomplex mediated 3-10 hours Glomerulonephritis Lupus RA Arthus Rxn = local necrosis Serum sickness = systemic - IgG & Complement - 3 Things: Antigen & Antibody & Complememnt ```
28
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type IV
``` Delayed Hyper-sensitivity (aka cell-mediated aka cellular) 48 hours TB Contact dermatitis Transplat rejection - T-Cells - Lymphocytes ```
29
Autotroph
eats inorganic material
30
Heterotroph
eats organic material
31
Saprophyte
eats dead/decaying material
32
Parasite
eats off living organisms
33
Facultative
Presence OR absence of O2
34
Obligate
Only one environment, not the other (O2 only or no O2 only)
35
Microaerophilic
Reduced O2 envrionments
36
Symbiosis
2 populations living together one or both benefit
37
Mutualism
2 populations living together both benefit
38
Synergism
2 populations living together both benefit and both a accomplish what neither can do alone
39
Commensalism
2 populations living together one benefits and the other is unaffected
40
Zoonosis
transfer of disease from animal to human
41
Emerging
New disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence or geographic range
42
Endemic
Small number of cases in specific location. | Present all the time
43
Epidemic
Rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks
44
Etiology
Study of the cause of disease
45
Incidence
of NEW cases in a given time period
46
Pandemic
More than expected # of cases of a disease worldwide
47
Prevalence
TOTAL # of new cases at a particular point in time
48
Leading cause of death: Infants
Congenital Malformations | Prematurity
49
Leading cause of death: Adults in US
``` Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Respiratory infection Accidents ```
50
Leading cause of death: Worldwide
TB | Malaria
51
Flatworm: Tapeworm
Common Name: Cestodes Body Shape: Long ribbon-like body Segmented, egg generating
52
Helminth
Parasitic worm Ukaratioc Nucleated Cause body to release IgE
53
Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana Vector: Mouth - eggs S/Sx: Diarrhea
54
Beef Tapeworm
Taenia Saginata | Vector: Uncooked beef
55
Pork Tapeworm
Taenia solium Vector: uncooked pork S/Sx Cysticercosis: Larvae containing cysts in the liver, eye, brain
56
Fish Tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium Vector: Mouth - Fresh water fish, pacific NW salmon S/Sx: May cause pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)
57
Dog Tapeworm
Echinococcus granulous Vector: Canine feces - dogs/wolves S/Sx: Hydatid cysts in liver and lung
58
Blood Fluke
``` Shistosoma japonicum AKA Liver or Asian Fluke Vector: Infested water, penetrates unbroken skin Host: Snail poop S/Sx: Swimmer's itch M.C.C. of death by helminth worldwide Inhabits Liver ```
59
Intestinal Fluke
Fasciolopsis buski Vector: Aquatic plants S/Sx: Contaminated snail feces gets onto plants
60
Liver Fluke (fish)
Clonorchis sinensis Vector: Raw contaminated fish S/Sx: Primarily inserts in the biliary/ pancreatic duct
61
Liver Fluke (Plants)
Fasciolopsis hepatica Vector: Contaminated aquatic plants S/Sx: Hemoptysis, effects liver
62
Pulmonary (lung) Fluke
Paragonimus westermani | Vector: Crayfish
63
Flatworm: Fluke
Trematode | Flat ovoid body
64
Roundworm
Nematode Cylindrical unsegmented, long
65
Ascariasis Roundworm
``` Ascaris lumbricoides Vector: oral-fecal S/Sx: colicky pain, lives in small intstine M.C roundworm M.C. Helminthic infection worldwide ```
66
Filiariasis Roundworm
Wuchereria bancrofti Vector: Mosquitoes S/Sx: Elephantitis, lymphatic blockage
67
Pineworm Roundworm
``` Enterobius vermicularis Aka Threadworm Vector: Anus-finger-mouth S/Sx: Nocturnal anal itching Scotch tape or anal cellophane test to demonstrate eggs M.C. Helminth in the US ```
68
River Blindness Roundworm
Onchocerca volvulus Vector: Flies S/Sx: irritation of cornea, ulcer African
69
River Eye Worm Roundworm
Loa loa AKA African eye worm Vector: Flies
70
Trichinosis Roundworm
Trichonella spiralis Vector: Raw pork S/Sx: Lives in striated muscles, intercostals, diaphragm, gastrocnemius Dx: by xray, biopsy muscle to confirm
71
Whipworm Roundworm
Trichuris trichina Vector: Oral - fecal S/Sx: large bowl obstruction Weight loss
72
Capsomere
a subunit of the protein coat of a virus particle
73
Viroid
ssRNA (single strand) Infects plants smaller than a virus
74
Virus
DNA or RNA | contains one of the other
75
Virus Transmission
M.C. transmitted or acquired via the respiratory system
76
Arboviruses/Arthropod borne virus Transmission
Mosquitoes
77
AIDS Transmission
Sexual transmission | IV drugs
78
Polio Transmission
Oral/Fecal
79
Rabies Transmission
Bite from infected animal
80
Wart Transmission
skin contact
81
Hepatitis A Transmission
Oral Fecal RNA "get it, get over it"
82
Hepatitis B Transmission
``` Sexual transmission, IV drugs Carrier for life Liver cancer DNA ONLY Most lethal in acute phase, endemic in asian culture ```
83
Hepatitis C Transmission
``` Transfusions, tattooing Carrier for life Liver cancer RNA AKA non-A non-B Hepatitis Screen blood ```
84
Herpes Simplex Type 1
Fever blisters (cold sores) "above the belt" Hides in 1 specific ganglion M.C. Trigeminal aka Gasserion
85
Herpes Simplex Type 2
Genital Herpes | "Below the belt"
86
Herpes zoster
Shingles in adults does not cross midline, follows dermatome Hides in DRG Stressfull times lower immunity - shingles appear
87
Molluscum contagiosum
Pink cauliflower lesion on genitalia
88
Papovavirus
AKA apaillomavirus Warts Transmitted by casual contact - persistent
89
Rubella
German measles aka 3 day measles | cause congenital rubella syndrome: limb malformation
90
Rubeola
Red measles - "Ruby Red" Koplik spots on buccal mucosa 3 Cs: cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, dehydration
91
Vaccinia
cow pox | Used for first small pox vaccines
92
Varicella
Chicken pox maculopapularvesicular rash red, elevated and fluid filled skin lesion
93
Variola
small pox | Guarneri bodies
94
Coxsackie
Childhood dysentery | Hand, foot, mouth disease
95
Echovirus
skin rash and heart disease | orphan virus
96
Hantavirus
spread by rodents, chipmunks
97
Polio
spread by oral/fecal contamination affects anterior horn (alpha motor) Paraphylsis Bulbar (brainstem) produces respiratory paralysis (CN 3-5) major cause of death
98
Adenovirus
Causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis | Dangerous for imunocompriomised
99
Influenza
``` has antigenic (mutengenic) shift/drift (high rate of mutation) Small mutation - drift, big mutation - shift ```
100
Mumps
sidomegalic paramyxoid virus pleomorphic (many shapes) Parotiditis may cause sterility from orchitis or oophoritis May lead to lower motor neuron disease of CN7 (bells palsy
101
RSV
Respiratory Syncytial Virus | causes croup & bronchiolitis
102
Early 20th century pandemic
Spanish flu
103
Early 21th century pandemic
swine flu (H1N1)
104
Hepatitis D
``` Co-infection with Hep B Carrier for Life Liver Cancer RNA aka DANE Particle only replicates in presence of Hep B ```
105
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Latent/persistent/ opportunistic spread by body fluids, may cause birth defects only dangerous for IMC patients Disseminated disease in AIDS patients
106
Rabies
"bullet" shaped under electron microscope RNA, rhabdo virus spread by bite Negri bodies in brain create hydrophobia
107
Reyes Syndrome
Negative reaction to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid - ASA) taken for viral infection causes fatty liver and encephalopathy - severe brain swelling can be fatal
108
ZIka
``` Most dangerous currently Flaviviridae Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) First found in the Zika forest of Uganda Sx: mild Dengue Fever, microcephaly ```
109
Chikungunya
Togaviridae Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) Found in the tropics/caribbean Sx: fever, severe joint pain/stiffness
110
Ebola
Filoviridae Zoonotic - originally from Africa Sx: flu-like, weakness, diarrhea, hemorrhaging
111
AIDS
Retro virus - HIV Reverse transcriptase RNA -> DNA CD4 cellos affected - less than 200 cells/ T-Helper cells "quarterback" of immune system Complication: latent/persistent infection - opportunistic secondary infection
112
AIDS: Pneumocystis carinii
``` #1 parasitic infection in AIDS #1 cause of death in AIDS from pneumonia infection ```
113
AIDS: Toxoplasmosis
``` #1 parasitic infection in AIDS #1 protozoal infection in AIDS spread by cat feces ```
114
AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma
#1 death by cancer in AIDS (may also get non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma)
115
AIDS: Giardia lamblia
causes mucous diarrhea | protozoal infection
116
Bubonic Plague
``` "Black death" Yersinia pestis aka Pasteurella pestis Arbo-bacteria Rat flea - Xenopsylla cheopis Swellen (bubos) neck and axillary lymph node enlargement death by asphyxiation ```
117
Tuleremia
``` Francisella tularensis Arbo-bacteria Rabbines Pneumonic "the french rabbits smell tulips" hunters at risk ```

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