Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem > Micro Bio Test 1 > Flashcards

Micro Bio Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

unicellular organism that lacks a defined nucleus; bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Bacteria are one-celled living organisms so small that they can be seen only with a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is archaea?

A

a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are prokaryotes; different ribosomes than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Viruses are non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells, NOT LIVING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thermophiles

A

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Escherichia coli

A

gram negative, fast growth, 1x3 um in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Late 1600s, first to observe “small chambers” in cork and call them cells (30x magnification).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Late 1600s, “Father of microbiology”, first to observe motility of bacteria (300x magnification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources, “vital force”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Mid 1600s, challenged spontaneous generation with maggots experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

John Needham

A

Late 1700s, SG advocate, Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Felix Pouchet

A

Late 1800s, SG theory advocate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Louis Joblot

A

Late 1600s, believed microbes arose from microbes, found microbes in hay infusions; described protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spallanzani

A

Late 1700s, Boiled two jars of gravy, sealing one jar immediately while leaving the other open to the air. The sealed jar remained free of microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endospore

A

A thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions…lack of endospores caused differing results for spontaneous generation scientists, spores = growth!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Mid 1800s, disproved spontaneous generation, swan-necked flask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pasteurization

A

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens, flash/batch method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sterilization

A

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tyndall

A

Late 1800s, showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy, Intermittent sterilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cohn

A

Late 1800s, discovered endospores, father of microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Attenuation

A

the decrease or loss of virulence, Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Robert Koch

A

Late 1800s, Father of medical microbiology, a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. The organism must be observed in every case of the disease.
  2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
  3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease.
  4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, use inorganic electron donors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parts of a microscope

A

Ocular, objective, stage, condenser, focusing knobs, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Magnification

A

the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size, Ex: 10x ocular and 100x objective = 1000x mag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

resolving power (resolution)

A

-the ability to show detail
-to get the best resolution you want SHORT wavelengths
-lower the power, the better the detail

R = 0.5*wavelength/numerical aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

immersion oil

A

oil placed on a slide to minimize refraction of the light entering the lens, increases the numerical aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

brightfield microscope

A

a microscope that allows light rays to pass directly to the eye without being deflected by an intervening opaque plate in the condenser, straining generally required, 1000x magn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

simple stain

A

a method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye, heat kills cells, only dead cells allow stain penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Basic (cationic) stains

A

have a positive charge, attracted to acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls
-cell surfaces are negative so basic stains most common (crystal violet, methylene blue, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Acidic (anionic) dyes

A

have a negative charge, repelled by acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls (India ink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

differential stain

A

a stain that distinguishes between 2 cell types/cell parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

gram positive stain

A

purple, decolorized with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

gram negative stain

A

pink, decolorized with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

acid fast stain

A

a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol

mycobacteria = Red
other bacteria = Blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

endospore stain

A

Spore = green
mother cell = red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

flagellular stain

A

Very thin, thicken flagella

43
Q

capsule stain

A

negative stain, zone of clearing

44
Q

darkfield microscopy

A

Has “stop” barrier
-The specimen appears light on a dark background, unstained cells are bright
-can’t see color and size distorted
-VIEW LIVE CELLS
-no stain required

45
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

-living organisms
-no stain required
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures

46
Q

hanging drop preparation

A

-Prepared with concave (depression) slide, Vaseline adhesive or sealant, and a coverslip
-Overcomes the disadvantages of wet mounts

47
Q

wet mount preparation

A

-a simple way to observe microbes by placing them in a drop of water on a slide with a coverslip
-Disadvantages: which plane/ moving too fast?

48
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

-uses a fluorescent dye that emits fluorescence when illuminated with ultraviolet radiation
-cellular auto fluorescence = chlorophyll live cells
-DAPI stains DNA
-FISH

49
Q

differential interference contrast

A

Accentuates diffraction of the light that passes through a specimen; uses two beams of light, polarized light
-unstained live cells

50
Q

confocal laser scanning microscope

A

a microscope using a laser as the light source and producing images of very high resolution, layer by layer to compile image,
biofilms + mushrooms

51
Q

atomic force microscope

A

-can produce images of individual atoms on a surface
-challenging with sticky/live/flexible samples

52
Q

Electron microscope

A

-microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
-vacuum and magnets
-live microscopy NOT possible
-very small resolution, fine details
-Transmission: 2D cells, special stains
-Scanning: 3D image with heavy metals, surface image
-used to see protein structure

53
Q

All living cells

A
  1. Are surrounded by plasma membrane
  2. Can yield energy through metabolism
  3. Use DNA as genetic material
    growth, replication, evolution
54
Q

Ways to classify cells/organisms?

A

-microscopy (phenotypes, size/shape)
-molecular based approaches (16S/18S rRNA)
-physiological parameters (metabolism)

55
Q

Cell size

A

-yeast cell = ~8um
-eukaryotic celol = 2 - 600um
-E.Coli = 1x3 um
-Bacteria = ~0.2 - 700 um

-being small is good, but there is a limit
-surface:volume ratio inversely proportional to size

56
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes
-non membrane enclosed
-1-2 circular chromosomes + plasmids
-haploid
-no sex, horizontal gene transfer
-more efficient

57
Q

Nucleus

A

Eukaryotes
-membrane enclosed
->1 chromosome
- diploid
- sexual + asexual
- less efficient

58
Q

Virology

A

-no cytoplasm
-no ribosomes
-no metabolic activity
-NOT LIVING
-must infect a pro or eukaryotic cell

59
Q

Morphology

A

Corkscrew, rod, sphere, vibrio

60
Q

Haeckel (1865)

A

3 kingdoms
-Animalia
-Plantae
-Protista
-invented “phylogeny” = evolutionary history of organisms

61
Q

Whittaker (1969)

A

5 kingdoms
-plants
-animals
-fungi
-Protista
-bacteria

62
Q

Carl Woese

A

Modern Tree of Life: 3 domains
-bacteria = cell wall (peptidoglycan), 70s, ester-linked lipids, f-Met (mod. Methionine)
-archaea = ether-linked lipids, 70S, Met
-eukarya = has nucleus, ester-linked lipids, 80S ribosome, Met
LUCA = last universal common ancestor

63
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent beings but now are organelles in eukaryotes

64
Q

Archaea

A

-no known pathogens
-thermophile = high temp
- halophile = high salt
- methanogens = anaerobes, produce methane

65
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require organic compounds as carbon source (sugars, proteins, lipids)

66
Q

Autotroph

A

Utilize CO2

67
Q

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Inorganic energy source, CO2 carbon source

67
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Organic energy source, reduced carbon source

68
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Light energy source, CO2 carbon source

69
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Light energy source, reduced carbon

70
Q

Carbohydrates (CH2O)n

A

glycosidic bonds (dehydration rxn between 2 hydroxyl groups), monosaccharides

71
Q

Lipids

A

Energy storage, cell membrane, signaling
-single lipid = ester bonds
-complex = amphipathic, + and - sides
-glycolipid - cell signaling, communication

72
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fats

A

Saturated: trans double bond, straight, stiff

Unsaturated: cis double bond, bent, membrane fluidity

73
Q

Nitrogeneous Bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
uracil for RNA

74
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) , a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

75
Q

Nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base + sugar
-lacks phosphate group

76
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide
-forms between 3’OH and 5’ phosphate groups
-5’P to 3’OH

77
Q

Amino acids/proteins

A

-cell structure, transport, cell signaling, function as enzymes
-polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic (-), basic (+), sulfhydryl group (methionine and cysteine)

78
Q

peptide bond

A

-covalent bond formed between amino acids to form proteins
-between amino group and carbonyl group
-N terminus to carboxy terminus

79
Q

Enzymes

A

-proteins that act as biological catalysts
-increase rate of rxn
-not consumed
-do not determine direction

80
Q

metabolic energy

A

Change in Gibbs free energy
-determines direction of rxn
- neg G = exergonic
- pos G = endergonic

81
Q

nuclease

A

DNA cutting enzyme, cleaves phophodiester bond

82
Q

Protease

A

enzyme that digests protein, cleaves peptide bond

83
Q

synthase

A

condenses two molecules together during anabolic reaction

84
Q

Isomerase

A

rearranges bonds within a molecule to form an isomer

85
Q

Polymerase

A

catalyzes polymerization reactions such as the synthesis of DNA and RNA

86
Q

Kinase

A

adds phosphate

87
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate group

88
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

89
Q

prosthetic group

A

A cofactor or coenzyme that is covalently bonded to a protein to permit its function
-heme
-Fe S cluster

90
Q

coenzyme

A

-moves between enzymes
-recycled
-NAD+
-FAD

91
Q

catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
- neg g

92
Q

anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
- pos g

93
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

-OX = e acceptor (NAD+)
-RED = e donor (NADH)

94
Q

redox tower

A
  • Represents the range of possible reduction potentials
  • The reduced substance at the top of the tower donates electrons
  • The oxidized substance at the bottom of the tower accepts electrons
  • The farther the electrons “drop” the greater the amount of energy released
95
Q

Glycolysis (Emden‐Meyerhof‐
Parnas pathway)

A

-6 essential precursors + ATP (from substrate level phosphorylation) + NADH + H+
-no oxygen required
- 70% glucose flow

96
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A
  • 2 essential precursors + NADPH + H+ (no ATP)
  • 30% glucose flow
97
Q

Citric acid/Krebs/TCA cycle

A
  • 4 essential precursors + ATP + NADH +H + FADH2 + H
98
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
- recycles NADH+H from glycolysis or TCA
-re oxidize coenzyme

99
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

100
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

101
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

102
Q

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Aerobic= with oxygen (oxidase)
Anaerobic= without oxygen (reductase)

103
Q
A

Biochem (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions