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Neuro II > Micro Disease > Flashcards

Micro Disease Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

CSF in bacterial meningitis

A

Turbid, elevated pressure, PMNs, reduced glucose, elevated protein

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2
Q

CSF in viral meningitis

A

Clear, NML pressure, lymphocytes, NML glucose, NML or slightly elevated protein

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3
Q

CSF in fungal meningitis

A

Turbid, elevated pressure, lymphocytes, reduced glucose, elevated protein

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4
Q

MC bacterial etiologies of meningitis in newborns

A

GBS, E. Coli, Listeria, Strep pneumo

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5
Q

MC bacterial etiologies of meningitis in babies and children

A

GBS, strep pneumo, HIB, N. meningitidis

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6
Q

MC bacterial etiologies of meningitis in teens/young adults

A

Strep pneumo and N. meningitidis

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7
Q

MC bacterial etiologies of meningitis in adults

A

Strep pneumo, listeria, GBS, N. meningitidis, HIB

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8
Q

Brain abscess causes

A

Streptococcus, staphylococcus, fusobacterium, peptostreptococcus anaerobius

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9
Q

What are brain abscesses usually associated with?

A

Previous infections: otitis media, sinusitis, mastoiditis

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10
Q

Risk factors for brain abscesses

A

Immunocompromised, cyanotic heart disease, dental abscesses, pneumonia, endocarditis, head injury

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11
Q

What is a prion?

A

A proteinaceous infectious particle (misfolded form of a protein)

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12
Q

What is prion disease?

A

Group of slow neurodegenerative disorders that cause spongiform encephalopathies

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13
Q

Features of prions

A

No nucleic acid, proteins encoded by cellular genes, not inactivated rapidly by heat/UV light of formalin, inactivated by hypochlorite, NaOH, phenol, ether, filamentous rod, infection does not induce antibody or inflammation

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14
Q

Prion disease types

A

Sporadic, genetic, acquired

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15
Q

Sporadic prion disease risk factors, occurrence, examples

A

No previous risk factors; most of the time; CJD, FFI

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16
Q

Genetic prion disease risk factors, occurrence, examples

A

Familial risk factor, 2nd most common, CJD, Gerstmann-Strausller-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, FFI

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17
Q

Acquired prion disease risk factors, occurrence, examples

A

Exposure to brain or NS tissue; rare; kuru, CJD, vCJD

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18
Q

Kuru

A

Attributed to ritual cannibalism in New Guinea

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19
Q

vCJD

A

Bovin spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

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20
Q

Shape of properly folded wild-type protein

A

Alpha helical

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21
Q

Shape of misfolded protein

A

Beta sheets; acts as template to convert wild-type to misfolded form > forms filaments and aggregates

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22
Q

Spongiform pathology

A

vacuoles, Swiss cheese-like holes in parenchyma caused by neuronal death d/t misfolded aggregates

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23
Q

Gliosis

A

Glial cell proliferation; no antigenicity so no immune response, no inflammation because self, no IFN production

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24
Q

General symptoms of spongiform encephalitis

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A

loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks and tremors, loss of coordination, rapidly progressive dementia, death

25
Variant CJD transmission
Humans ingestion of infected beef
26
vCJD detection
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil (HIGH), appendix
27
GSS Syndrome
AD inheritance Progressive cerebellar degeneration w/ varying degrees of dementia Mean age of onset is 45 Mean survival is 5 years
28
FFI (fatal familial insomnia)
progressive insomnia, often dream-like confusion state Inattention, memory loss, confusion, hallucinations mean survival is 13 months
29
A colorless, acellular, bacteria free film composed of salivary glycoproteins
Pellicle
30
Dense and complex mass of bacteria living in a gel-like microbial matrix
Bacterial biofilm
31
The non-calcified accumulation of oral microorganisms and their products, that adheres tenaciously to the teeth and is not readily dislodged
Plaque
32
What do bacteria do with glucose and fructose produced from sucrose?
Use an enzyme to convert it into glucans and fructans that they then use to adhere to teeth better
33
What is the most cariogenic sugar?
Sucrose
34
Risk factors for caries
- Children in families below poverty level - children put to bed with bottle or beverage w/ sugar - children with >3 between-meal sugar-containing snacks or beverages - exposure to smoke - insufficient fluoride
35
MC form of periodontal disease
Gingivitis
36
Why does gingivitis occur?
In response to bacteria that live in biofilms at the gingival margin and in the gingival crevice
37
Bacterial etiologies of gingivitis
Peptostreptococci, prevotella
38
gingival inflammation accompanied by loss of supportive CT and alveolar bone > loss of attachment of periodontal lig to cementum
Periodontitis
39
Clinical findings of periodontitis
Enhanced probing depth, bleeding, tooth mobility, bone loss on radiographs, gingival recession
40
Bacterial etiologies of periodontitis
Prevotella, porphyromonas, treponema denticola
41
Function of fluoride
Helps bind hydroxyapatite crystals in tooth structure > makes them less likely to dissolve
42
Hypo-mineralization of the dental enamel caused by excessive fluoride during enamel formation (believed to be toxicity of the ameloblasts, the cells that form enamel)
Fluorosis
43
How do anaerobes colonize the mouth?
Layer of bacteria forms a microniche and allows anaerobes to be protected
44
T. denticola is a...
Spirochete
45
T. denticola uses LOS to...
Stimualte osteoclastogenesis and MMP expression to exacerbate pathology
46
S. mutans
- alpha hemolytic - optochin sensitive - uses sucrose to synthesize EC polysaccharides for biofilms - adhere to enamel and can seed the bloodstream > endocarditis in those w/ defective heart valves
47
Complications of odontogenic infection
- parapharyngeal space infection (orofacial area or deep in head/neck) > Ludwigs angina - osteomyelitis of jaw (severe mandibular pain) - hematogenous dissemination - infective endocarditis
48
Cellulitis/nec fasc of submandibular/sublingual gland
Ludwigs angina
49
Besides swelling of submandibular region, Ludwigs can present with...
Fever, chills, and malaise, mouth pain, stiff neck, drooling, dysphagia, and muffled voice
50
Functions of auditory tube
- Protection of the middle ear from nasopharyngeal secretions - Drainage into the nasopharynx of secretions produced within the middle ear - Ventilation of the middle ear to equilibrate air pressure
51
Why is OM most common in kids 6 months to 3 years?
- Medial orifice of the auditory tube is more open - Auditory tube is shorter and more horizontal( allows reflux of oropharyngeal organisms into the middle ear) - Supine feeding
52
Risk factors for OM
- age - Daycare exposure - Family history natural/inherited/predisposition but family genes - Congenital defects (i.e. cleft palate, Down’s syndrome) > obstruction of the auditory tube
53
Etiologies of OM
S. pneumo, H. influenzae, moraxella
54
Inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses
Acute sinusitis
55
Symptoms of sinusitis
nasal congestion, a purulent nasal discharge, postnasal drip, sore throat, headache, facial pain or pressure, tenderness and swelling over the affected sinuses, dental pain
56
Causes of sinusitis
- Colds, bacterial URT infections, fungal sinus infections - Allergies that cause mucus production; lack of cilia motility; nasal polyps or tumors, deviated nasal septum, enlarged or infected adenoids - Infected tooth (bacteria spread to sinuses) - Cystic fibrosis (mucus build-up)
57
most likely cause of sinusitis in CF patients
Pseudomonas
58
MC bacterial cause of sinusitis
S. pneumo, H. influenzae, moraxella

Neuro II (2 decks)

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