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Microbial Genetics deck 1 > Micro Final > Flashcards

Micro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Why won’t using 100% alcohol work

A

requires 5% water due to evaporation

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2
Q

ANTImicrobial drugs–drug that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes of antifungals

A

Azoles
Miconazole

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3
Q

ANTImicrobial drugs–
what steroid inhibits, keeping the membrane fluid when it’s hot and stable when it’s cold

A

ERGOSTEROL

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4
Q

ANTImicrobial drugs–what drug blocks the binding site for PABA

A

SULFONAMIDE

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5
Q

ANTImicrobial drugs when PABA is blocks what mechanism is prevented

A

FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS

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6
Q

antimicrobial drugs that disrupt cytoplasmic membranes

A

ANTIFUNGALS–MICONAZOLE

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7
Q

example of an attachment factor during infection virulence

A

PILI OR fimbriae

adhesions that facilitate attachment

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8
Q

Invasion of host by a pathogen

A

INFECTION

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9
Q

ability of a microbe to cause disease

A

PATHOGENICITY

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10
Q

5 stages of infectious disease

A

incubation
prodromal
illness
decline
convalescence

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11
Q

When a virus enters the body what releases a SIGNAL to tell other cells to protect themselves

A

interferon

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12
Q

aTTachment inhibitors

A

T20–targets Helper T cell

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13
Q

Fusion inhibitors (way of entry into cell)

A

RAFI’s enveloped virus

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14
Q

mode of transmission of infection that travels 3ft or less

A

DROPLET transmission

travels short distances

exhaling coughing sneezing

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15
Q

anything chemical that will alter your normal physiology

A

DRUGS

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16
Q

A destructive enzyme during infection invasion that destroys connective tissues

A

HYALURONIDASE
COLLOGENASE

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17
Q

Achieved through secretions ,excretions,and bodily fluids

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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18
Q

what is key when it comes to treatment of infections

A

*must be more toxic to pathogen than the host
**the more differences the more targets

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19
Q

why are there so many antibacterial drugs

A

bacteria are PROKS with a CELL WALL –the cell wall is targeted by the drug because humans don’t have this

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20
Q

why are their fewer antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs

A

Because they (fungals/protozoa) are EUKS and are closer in make up to us - will harm us too

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21
Q

very few antiviral drugs

A

viruses use our cells to replicate- will harm us too

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22
Q

Pro: very effective

Con: fewer applications

A

Narrow spectrum-targets FEW pathogens

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23
Q

what pumps drug out before it can act

A

Efflux pumps (E for Exit)

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24
Q

What microbe is most susceptible to ALCOHOL

A

ENVELOPED bacteria

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25
Q

what microbe is susceptible to BLEACH

A

ENDOSPORES

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26
Q

What kind of surface can Ethelene Oxide Gas be used on

A

HEAT SENSATIVE MATERIALS like hospital bed mattress

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27
Q

Which is better to achieve STERILIZATION

A

AUTOCLAVING

28
Q

NK CELLS are the first defense against

A

TUMORS and VIRUS infected cells

29
Q

Difference between ADAPTIVE and INNATE

A

ADAPTIVE (2nd line of defense)
is more effective and more specific happens more slowly

30
Q

(1st line of defense) Physical factors

A

SKIN (physical barrier)
MUCUS MEMBRANE(inhibits entry)
MUCUS (traps microbes)
CILLIA (propels microbes up and out of the lungs)

31
Q

2 major ARMS of adaptive immunity (adaptive )

A

HUMORAL B-cells attack extracellular) antibody mediated
CELLULAR T-cells (target intracellular)

32
Q

antigen its gigantic
produced first in primary response

A

IgM

33
Q

antigen - secretions and breastmilk

A

IgA

34
Q

antigen- allergy and parasite

A

IgE

35
Q

antigen- crosses the placenta-
produced first in secondary response!

A

IgG

36
Q

antigen - B cell receptor

stimulates release of IgM and IgG

A

IgD

37
Q

destruction/removal of ALL microbial life including endospores

A

STERILIZATION

38
Q

destruction of vegetative pathogens on LIVING tissue

A

ANTISEPSIS

39
Q

destruction of vegetative pathogens on INANIMATE objects

A

DISINFECTION

40
Q

inhibits growth of microbes
speeds up repair action

A

FEVER

41
Q

B Cell -antibody mediated immunity
targets extracellular pathogen

A

HUMORAL ARM

42
Q

T Cell receptor
CD4 and CD8
targets intracellular pathogens

A

CELLULAR ARM

43
Q

Anything Antibody Generated

A

Antigen

44
Q

Helper T Cells (CD4)

A

TH1- activate macrophages to phagocytes
TH2- helper stimulate B cells to secrete more antibody(proliferate)

45
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

CD8 targets intracellular pathogen inducing apoptosis or to lyse

46
Q

immunity that produces memory (from exposure)

A

ACTIVE

47
Q

immunity that does not produce memory cells
(gotten through breast milk or placenta)

A

PASSIVE

48
Q

immunity from a chicken pox party

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

49
Q

receiving a vaccine

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

50
Q

antibodies causing clumping

A

agglutination

51
Q

antibodies causing enhanced phagocytosis

A

opsonization

52
Q

antibodies causing increased actions of eveything

A

activation of COMPLEMENT

53
Q

antibodies causing blockage of adhesion of bacteria

A

NEUTRALIZATION

54
Q

IgM first then declines then IgG increases

A

PRIMARY RESPONSE

55
Q

next time exposed to antigen
IgG then IGM
(quicker and higher)

A

SECONDARY RESPONSE

56
Q

The type of immunity we are born with
always present nonspecific general fast response

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

57
Q

immunity that develops more slowly
more effective and more specific

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

58
Q

1st line of defense (innate immunity)
chemical factors

A

Lysozyme
tears saliva
gastric juice

59
Q

Innates 2nd line of defense

A

Defensive cells
PHAGOCYTES (neutrophils and macrophages)
NK cells (granzymes)

60
Q

Beta lactams prevents cross bridge formation
drug list

A

peniCILLIN
MethiCILLIN
cephalosporin

61
Q

Blocks binding of protein synthesis
drug list

A

erythromycin
Streptomycin
tetracycline

62
Q

Microbial agent damage

A

cell membranes
proteins
nucleic acids

63
Q

HHAAPE

A

protein damage due to microbial agents
heat
halogen
alcohol
aldehydes
phenolics
Ethelyn oxide

64
Q

HHAP

A

cell damage due to microbial agents
Heat
Hypertonic solutions
alcohol
phenolics

65
Q

I am NOT AN ELEPHANT

A

Nucleic acids damage due to microbial agents
Ionizing
non ionizing
aldehydes
ethylene oxide

Microbial Genetics deck 1 (5 decks)

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