Micro final

Question 1

A 1918 pandemic that killed >20million

Answer 1

Influenza

Question 2

A plague that killed 25% of the worlds population in the 14th century

Answer 2

Yersinia pestis

Question 3

How was the Hantavirus spread in 1993

Answer 3

ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION (deer mice)

Question 4

Pathogenic mechanisms that allow some microbes to overcome our defenses

Answer 4

Capsules, Enzymes, Toxins

Question 5

Etiology

Answer 5

disease causation

Question 6

Pathogenesis

Answer 6

how a disease develops

Question 7

Infection

Answer 7

invasion or colonization by microbs

Question 8

Disease

Answer 8

any change from a state of health

Question 9

Normal Microbiota

Answer 9

Microorganisms that live in/on us without causing disease

Question 10

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 10

May cause disease when in an abnormal location (E.coli)

Question 11

carriers

Answer 11

harbor potential pathogens without symptoms

Question 12

Epidemioology

Answer 12

Study of disease occurrence and transmission

Question 13

Microbial antagonism

Answer 13

Normal flora preventing overgrowth/colonization by pathogens

Question 14

symbiosis

Answer 14

commensalism (one benefits)
mutualism (both benefit)
parasitism (one benefits at the expense of another)

Question 15

Krochs Postulates and expectation

Answer 15

confirms the etiologic agent of an infectious disease

Question 16

Terms describing the effects infectious disease have on the hosts body

Answer 16

signs (apparent)
symptoms (inapparent)
syndromes (both typically associated with disease)

Question 17

Disease classes based upon behavior within population

Answer 17

communicable (stds)
contagious (colds,flu)
noncommunicable (tetanus)

Question 18

incidence

Answer 18

specific time period

Question 19

prevalence

Answer 19

all cases (old and new)

Question 20

sporadic disease

Answer 20

occasional

Question 21

endemic

Answer 21

always present within a population

Question 22

epidemic

Answer 22

regional outbreak- short

Question 23

pandemic

Answer 23

worldwide outbreak- short

Question 24

Acute severity

Answer 24

rapid and short

Question 25

chronic severity

Answer 25

Slow and continual

Question 26

Subacute severity

Answer 26

between acute and chronic

Question 27

Latent severity

Answer 27

following the acute stage in becomes dormant, and may reoccur later

Question 28

Incubation stage

Answer 28

initial exposure to 1st symptom

Question 29

Prodromal stage

Answer 29

early and mild symptoms

Question 30

Illness stage

Answer 30

most acute (rapid and short)

Question 31

Decline stage

Answer 31

symptoms begin to subside

Question 32

Convalescence stage

Answer 32

return to health but may still be contagious

Question 33

The spread of infections comes from

Answer 33

humans animals soil/water

Question 34

Transmission of disease (3)

Answer 34

Contact- direct, indirect, droplet(saliva) vehicle- water,food, air, blood Vector- Mechanical (insect bodies) and Biological (active)

Question 35

Immunity defence (3)

Answer 35

1. skin and mucus membrane 2. inflammation 3,acquired immunity

Question 36

How does inflammation develope

Answer 36

histamine released by mast cells, blood increase, causes swelling,

Question 37

What is Autoimmune disease

Answer 37

occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks itself

Question 38

First line of Defense

Answer 38

intact skin mucous membranes & their secretions normal microbiota

Question 39

Second line of defense

Answer 39

Phagocytic white blood cells inflammation fever antimicrobial substances

Question 40

Third Line of defence

Answer 40

Specialized lymphocytes: Beta and T-cells | Antibodies and cytokines

Question 41

Metabolic Diversity

Answer 41

Due to their extreme metabolic diversity microbes play critical roles in all of earths ecosystems

Question 42

Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical cycles

Answer 42

In soil, microbes recycle critical elements which is essential for the existence of life on earth

Question 43

Pollution control by microorganisms

Answer 43

1. bioremediation- microbes degrade/detoxify pollutants | 2. Bioaugmentation- use of artificially selected for genetically modified microbes for bioremediation

Question 44

Role of Microbes in ecosystems

Answer 44

transformation, regulation, recycling of vital nutrients

Question 45

Biosphere 2

Answer 45

an enclosed self-sustaining ecosystem based on the concept of total recycling; failed due to O2 depletion resulting from overgrowth of microbes

Question 46

Bioremediation

Answer 46

microbes metabolically degrade landfill wastes, this process can be enhanced by the addition of air and water (bioventing)