Micro Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Intestine immune system

Answer 1

Dedicated adaptive immune system monitors and shapes the microbiota without causing the inflammation Microbiome trains the immune system and the immune system then shapes the microbiome

Answer 2

non-invasive Interact with receptors in the epithelial cells which does not generate a major response

Answer 3

May be invasive Activated receptors and immune system

Answer 4

Microbiota communicates chemically with the brain Can impact variety of areas: endocrine, nervous,, immune systems, aspects o metabolism of host

Answer 5

Produce A.A.'s people need Vitamins and metabolites needed for health of individual

Answer 6

tryptamine- Functions as neurotransmitter in host of individual

Answer 7

He elected to not answer this question but I think its Autism

Answer 8

the maternal immune activation (MIA)

Answer 9

Elevated levels can be caused by inflammatory factors during pregnancy like viral infections

Answer 10

Mothers were induced to have MIA Offspring display autistic like behaviors

Answer 11

Present in higher levels in the autistic like mice Control mice injected would show autistic like mice symptoms

Answer 12

Increased levels inflammatory factors Gave the offspring Bacteroides species The species displaces the species that produces 4-EPS. Behavior changes were normal

Answer 13

Imbalance in microbial composition which can lead to inflammatory diseases such as stress, changes in diet, taking antibiotics

Answer 14

Yes it can lead to IBS

Answer 15

Lower bacterial/microbial diversity in the intestinal tract Example is Crohn's disease which is missing the species Faeciabacterium prausnitzii

Answer 16

~5% of adult fecal microbiota Species has anti-inflammatory molecules released

Answer 17

Staph aureus infection Hyperactivates immune system Hypertension, low bp, multiple organ failure, fatal without treatment

Answer 18

Restriction enzymes DNA endonucleases which target specific sequences Enzymes cleave viral DNA Don't cleave host DNA because they are modified via methylation

Answer 19

Immune system in microbes that provides memory

Answer 20

Expose the body to an infectious agent Goal is to produce memory B cells Vaccines attenuated are weakened or can be inactivated (dead strain)

Answer 21

Caused by a virus Lesions Secondary infections Mortality rate could be as high as 30%

Answer 22

Was used in china ~2000 years ago and in turkey ~ couple hundred years ago Would expose people to mild cases of small pox so people would get immunity to disease

Answer 23

Was exposed to small pox as a child He noticed people on farms had immunity to small pox Dairy maids and cow hands did not get small pox after they had cowpox He took an eight year old child and exposed him to cowpox He then exposed the kid to small pox weeks later and the kid got no smallpox He repeated this experiment with a larger group of individuals. ~20 people Cowpox was successful in preventing small pox People were then inoculated with cow pox to prevent small pox Number of small pox deaths went down because of this

Answer 24

12 children mmR vaccine payroll of pharma company with 1 vaccine in 1 and not 3 like the mmR vaccine Study was published in 1998 and retracted in 2010 Hospital records of the children did not match the data of the paper Children were not randomly selected and had health issues from vaccine. Other authors were unaware he was making these claims He got paid to leave the college he was working at because of this shitty paper Paper is the foundation of vaccine hesitancy He gave kids vaccines around the time autism symptoms begin in autism patients correlation does not mean causation

Answer 25

Major health concern for the large part of the 20th century Got polio during the summer: paralyzed and iron lung

Answer 26

Started the march of dimes used movie stars to ask people to donate a dime to help people with polio After time donations ore off, then he used fear

Answer 27

Millions of parents made their kids take an unapproved FDA vaccine

Answer 28

Organisms that grows in/on host that causes disease

Answer 29

Ability of an organism to cause disease

Answer 30

Enhanced ability for microbe to attach to cell surface Is required to initiate disease Not sufficient to cause disease

Answer 31

Sit of infection Step pneumonia killed by stomach acid when swallowed. Can adhere and cause infections in the respiratory tract

Answer 32

Receptors on the pathogen surface that allow them to adhere to hind to the host Glycoproteins/glycolipids Capsules of bacteria. Can allow for microbe to evade the immune system. Any typically polysaccharides or protein fimbriae, pili

Answer 33

Growth of microbe after adhesion to host (happens in mucus membranes)

Answer 34

Dental caries Community of interacting organisms

Answer 35

Streptococci involved with this Secrete LA (lactic acid) after fermenting glucose Will also use the sucrose to produce the capsules which allow organisms (other ones) to grow

Answer 36

Ability of pathogen to enter host cells/tissues In doing so can spread and cause disease Have bacteremia and septecemia

Answer 37

presence of bacteria in blood

Answer 38

bacteria multiply in the blood massive inflammation, septic shock, death

Answer 39

Measurement of pathogenicity Relativity of pathogen to cause disease can be quantified by dosage of pathogen LD50

Answer 40

Number of cells/viral particles to cause 50% death of the animals Is an experimental test

Answer 41

only requires small number of microbes to cause disease

Answer 42

It depends on genetics and physiology of host and pathogen

Answer 43

Area of interest would be nosocomial infections acquired within the hospital People are sicker than the general public there Lots of antibiotics are used there Pathogens present in areas of the hospital can spread

Answer 44

Nosocomial infections are infections that develop during a patient's stay in a healthcare facility, such as a hospital, nursing home, or clinic, and were not present at the time of admission. An infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting that wasn't present at the time of admission. These infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and can lead to serious health complications. ~2 million nosocomial infections per year Of those 5% mortality rate

Answer 45

Toxic proteins released by cells ex. neurotoxins- block release of neurotransmitters

Answer 46

produced by the pathogens and can contribute to making people sicker enzymes, proteins, nucleases, proteases, lipases Will all degrade host cell molecules

Answer 47

Neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum (causes botulism in infants and food poisoning) Inhibits release of neurotransmitters Blocks the release of acetyl-choline to cause less muscle contraction Get flaccid paralysis

Answer 48

Toxins released intestinal tract Vibrio cholerae- causes cholera, water contamination with feces

Answer 49

2 toxins: B subunit- binds to epithelial cells in intestine A subunit- s=crosses the CM and enters the host cell. Activates the host adenyl cyclase (takes ATP and makes cAMP + PPi) High levels of cAMP blocks Na+ uptake by the epithelial cells Induces secretion of Cl- ions as well as bicarbonate Now high Na+ and Cl- outside of the cells Excessive water loss via osmosis which causes the symptoms of dehydration and diarrhea. Therefore they need water as a treatment

Answer 50

Lose fewer Cl- ions, lose less water, more likely to survive cholera

Answer 51

Lipopolysaccharides from gr- cell wall Are released when bacteria cell dies When released causes inflammation, release of cytokines, blood clots, and more.

Answer 52

The study of outcomes, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in populations Identifying and solving problems with infectious disease transmission Trace spread of disease to identify origin and transmission

Answer 53

Number of new cases

Answer 54

Number of new and existing cases (total # of cases)

Answer 55

A world wide epidemic

Answer 56

Constantly present (common cold, influenza)

Answer 57

Ebola Rhinovirus

Answer 58

Does not kill host so is a better pathogen. Example of well adapted pathogen that lives in balance with host

Answer 59

Incidence of death

Answer 60

Incidence of disease

Answer 61

Susceptible population (not been exposed to pathogen) Rapid spread overtime- evolutionary success of pathogen. Equilibrium with host

Answer 62

Myxoma virus which was deliberately introduced to kill rabbits Initially 95% mortality rate Overtime virus evolved to equilibrium with host and became much less virulent

Answer 63

Spread of an infectious disease is different if the population has immunity People get immunity from previous exposure to the virus or by vaccinations Therefore people without prior exposure are protected

Answer 64

Herd immunity level of 90-95%

Answer 65

Vitamin A for measles- does help with measles in Africa- individuals are deficient in this vitamin in Africa Vitamin A is soluble vitamin- therefore accumulates in the body If you take too much vitamin A = bad (get toxicity)

Answer 66

Need to understand the mechanism for the disease

Answer 67

Spread slowly, slow-growing bacterium Strains can convert to antibiotic resistant

Answer 68

Influenza of 1918

Answer 69

Killed young adults aged 20-40 Why? Studied 1918 flu recovered 1918 virus from permafrost. Tissue samples were collected and stored in formaldehyde Was sequenced and compared to other viruses Recombinant viruses- looked at genes associated with mortality. Specific mutations in viral genes- see LD50

Answer 70

First exposure to influenza strains were very different than the 1918 strain Therefore the people had no immunity, some had large immune responses, and there was fluid build up in the lungs People born in 1900-1918 had a different flu strain circulating population at this time which was more similar to the 1918 strain Therefore they had more partial immunity and had a higher rate of survival likelihood than the 20-40 year old's.

Micro Final Exam Flashcards

(95 cards)