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Micro Gram + > Micro G+ Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Micro G+ Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Staphylococcus metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobe

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2
Q

Staphylococcus catalase test

A

positive

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3
Q

Staphylococcus optimal temperature

A

30º C (18º-40ºC)

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4
Q

Staphylococcus environmentally resists:

A

Drying, Salt (Mannitol Salt Agar used)

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5
Q

Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors

A 
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids – (ID species/strain)
Protein A 
Coagulase
Slime Layer
Capsule (stop phagocytosis)
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6
Q

Staphylococcus aureus toxins

A 
Alpha – cell lysis, tissue damage
Beta – cell lysis, tissue destruction
Gamma – rbc lysis
Delta – detergent on rbc’s
PV – leukocidin
Exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB) 
Enterotoxins 
Superantigens (A, B, etc.) – stimulate T-cells non-specifically
Catalase-H2O2 breakdown                                              (ALL Staphylococcus!!)
Hyaluronidase -spreading in CT
Staphylokinase -(fibrinolysin) dissolves clots
Penicillinase
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7
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

SOFT PAINS

SKIN (colonization)- folliculitis (hair follicule), furuncle/carbuncle (sebaceous gland), impetigo (superficial, children).

(exo/entero)TOXINS -food poisoning, scalded skin (exfoliative toxin), toxic shock (superantigen).

INTERNAL -bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia

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8
Q

Staphylococcus aureus hemolysis test

A

beta

clear

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9
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis hemolysis test

A

Gamma or alpha (none or incomplete)

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10
Q

Staphylococcus aureus coagulase test

A

positive!!

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11
Q

Staphylococcus lugdunensis coagulase test

A

negative

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12
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus coagulase test

A

negative

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13
Q

Staphylococcus hemolyticus coagulase test

A

negative

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14
Q

Streptococcus coagulase test

A

negative

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15
Q

Two most important coagulase negative staphylococcus species

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus lugdunensis

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16
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus epidermidis & Staphylococcus lugdunensis cause

A

Infections of catheters, prosthetic valves & joints

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17
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Bacteremia, endocarditis, surgical wound infections, UTI

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18
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis

A

Arthritis, bacteremia, endocarditis, UTI

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19
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

UTI and other opportunistic infections

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20
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus hemolyticus

A

Bacteremia, bone/joint, endocarditis, UTI, wound infection

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21
Q

Streptococcus metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobe

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22
Q

Streptococcus environmentally resists:

A

Some drying, salt

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23
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Serological Grouping

A

GAS

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24
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae Serological Grouping

A

GBS

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25
Streptococcus bovis Serological Grouping
GDS (enterococcus)
26
Streptococcus pneumoniae Serological Grouping
None
27
Streptococcus mutans Serological Grouping
None, viridans group
28
Streptococcus mitas Serological Grouping
None, viridans group
29
Streptococcus salivarius Serological Grouping
None, viridans group
30
Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors
1) Capsule 2) Adhesins - Lipoteichoic acid - M-protein family - F-protein – binds epithelial cells
31
Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors
HUGE capsule (resist phagocytosis) IgA proteases pnuemolysin to destroy ciliated cells
32
Streptococcus mutans virulence factors/metabolism
Acidogenic/acidouric
33
Streptococcus pyogenes toxins
Pyrogenic exotoxins - mitogens for T-cells/inflamm/rash/fever pus –SpeA, SpeB, SpeC passed between bacteria by phage conversion Streptolysin S – lyse wbc’s, platelets, rbc’s Streptolysin O – lyses wbc’s, platelets, rbc’s (ASO test = recent strep infection) Streptokinase – lyse blood clots allows spread Hyaluronidase – spreading DNase/streptodornase C5a peptidase
34
Name the 2 post-Streptococcal infection Diseases
1. Rheumatic fever: 2 week post effect (cross-reactive antibody, ASO test) age 5-15, aschoff body —> dental prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis 2. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (from antibodies to streptococcus clogging kidneys, ASO test)
35
Suppurative Streptococcus pyogenes Diseases
* *Necrotizing fasciitis: SUPERANTIGENS deeper infection (fascia) * *Pyoderma/impetigo: purulent skin infection – hot climates, young kids * *Erysipelas: acute skin infection – larger area * *Cellulitis: deeper skin infection * *Toxic Shock syndrome: superantigens – usually bacteremic/systemic * *Endocarditis: infection of a heart valve * *pharyngitis
36
Other disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Scarlet fever: rash/skin peeling
37
Disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae
S. agalactiae is GBS – most serious disease of neonate, cause septicemia/meniningitis/ -bacteremia in newborns (screen moms, 10-30% women carry, 60% babies get sick)
38
Disease caused by Streptococcus bovis
S. bovis = mystery: | 15% of colon cancer patients have
39
Disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Lung infection, spread to sinuses & meninges, increase C-reactive protein
40
Disease caused by Streptococcus mutans
Dental caries
41
Treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
1. Becoming penicillin resistant —> vancomycin | 2. polysaccharide multi-strain vaccine given to under 2 yr & 65+
42
To prevent secondary Streptococcus pyogenes infections
Penicillin, cephalosporin, within 10 days
43
Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes infection
1. Elevated CRP | 2. Cells lyse rapidly with bile
44
Streptococcus pyogenes hemolysis test
beta
45
Streptococcus agalactiae hemolysis test
beta
46
Streptococcus bovis hemolysis test
gamma (NON-hemolytic)
47
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnuemococcus, diplo) hemolysis test
alpha
48
Streptococcus mutans hemolysis test
alpha
49
Streptococcus mitas hemolysis test
alpha
50
Streptococcus salivarius hemolysis test
alpha
51
Two most common Streptococcus mutans species in humans
S. mutans, S. sobrinus (cariogenic) mutans is a term used to describe not only Streptococcus mutans, but seven species including S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. criceti, S. ferus, S. ratti, S. macacae and S. downei. S. sanguis (less acidogenic but lay groundwork)
52
Enterococcus metabolism
Facultative anaerobe
53
Enterococcus virulence factors
few, except SUPER drug resistant
54
Diseases caused by Enterococcus
Bacteremia, UTI, abdominal abscess, diverticulitis, endocarditis
55
Where is Enterococcus found?
Water supply, though resistant to drying and salt
56
Streptococcus catalase test
Negative
57
Two spore-forming bacteria
Bacillus + Clostridium
58
Bacillus metabolism
Facultative aerobe
59
Bacillus Virulence Factors
ENDOSPORES, can survive extreme conditions bc they contain dipicolinic acid and calcium, also bacterial DNA
60
Bacillus anthracis virulence factors
1. Spores * (no spores in clinical samples) 2. Capsule 3. Toxins- all three on one plasmid (PA, EF and LF)
61
Bacillus cereus virulence factors
Spores & Enterotoxin- heat stable (food poisoning from rice)
62
Diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis
1. Mostly cutaneous, contact with spores eschar = black (necrotic) scab (20% fatal), septicemia 2. Inhalation: spreads via lymph node —> meningitis (95% fatal) (wool sorters) 3. GI: grazing animals, 100% fatal
63
Bacillus stearothermophilus significance
autoclave indicator organism
64
Treatment for Bacillus anthracis
1. Ciprofloxacin stops DNA/protein synthesis 2. Doxycycline -penicillin resistance reported 3.Prevent with vaccine – available for military. (vaccine for cows?)
65
Diagnosis of Bacillus anthracis
Can do DFA test to bind capsule
66
Diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis
Food poisoning, occasional eye infections Emetic form – intoxication/enterotoxin rice) Diarrheal form – longer reaction time, infection NOT intoxication - heat labile enterotoxin – (meat/veggies) Ocular form less common, secondary to traumatic eye injury/post-op
67
Listeria Metabolism
Aerobe/Facultative anaerobe
68
Listeria general mode of pathology
facultative intracellular (CMI needed to clear/Anti-bodies not effective)
69
Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors
Actin rockets: propel into next cell without exposure to antibodies (facultative intracellular pathogen)
70
Listeria monocytogenes toxin
Listerialysin: enzymes to escape cytoplasm
71
Disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes
``` Food poisoning (20-30% mortality) (50% for preg, transplant patients, cancer, etc… & increased meningitis) -deli meats, dairy, raw veggies ```
72
Treatment for Listeria monocytogenes
1. penicillin 2. gentamicin + penicillin 3. ampicillin for serious infection
73
Corynebacterium virulence factors/pathogenicity
Often part of normal flora, -opportunistic, few pathogenic species othwewise
74
Corynebacterium metabolism
aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic
75
Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxins
A-B exotoxin inhibits translation in heart/nerve cells (A for Action, B for Binding) B subunit binds to the cell - specific for heart and nerve cells A subunit goes into the cell and causes damage by stopping translation
76
Diseases caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diptheria: pseudomembrane block airway, also secondary cardiac and neurological damage -Mortality 5-10% BUT 20% for under 5 and 40+ Cutaneous form toxic & can go systemic
77
Corynebacterium diphtheriae treatment
Antitoxin neutralizes exotoxin Penicillin/erythromycin to remove bacteria Toxoid vaccine (inactivated toxin) (DTP)
78
Where is Clostridium found?
Soil, sewage, human GI tract
79
Clostridium metabolism
Anaerobic | mostly
80
Clostridium virulence factors
ENDOSPORES | contain dipicolinic acid and calcium, bacterial DNA
81
Clostridium toxins
Histolytic toxins, enterotoxins and neurotoxins
82
Clostridium perfringens toxins
12+ toxins, high mortality Lecithinase – most important / alpha toxin Histotoxin – hydrolyzes host cell membranes (rbc, wbc, platelets and endothelial cells). Mediates massive hemolysis, increased vascular permeability/bleeding, tissue destruction, hepatic toxicity, myocardial dysfunction.
83
Diseases caused by Clostridium perfringens
- Gas gangrene, cut off blood supply & necrosis - Gastroenterotitis - Wound infection: necrosis, myonecrosis, ischemia
84
Clostridium perfringens treatment
Wound care + penicillin
85
Diseases caused by Clostridium tetani
Tetanus, wound infections (fatal in newborns)
86
Clostridium tetani treatment
Anti-toxin Antibiotics (Metronidazole) (DTP vaccine)
87
Clostridium tetani toxins
Tetanolysin: hemolysin Tetanospasmin: A-B toxin: neurotoxin
88
Diseases caused by Clostridium botulinum
Food poisoning, wound & infant botulism: Muscle failure, 25% mortality
89
Clostridium botulinum treatment
Often no treatment If in GI tract: metronidazole or penicillin -use antitoxin Prevention is best : Destroy spores in food Prevent germination – cold or acid Destroy toxin – 60 degrees for 10 minutes
90
Clostridium botulinum toxins
A-B toxin: Most potent neurotoxins known - blocks ACh release, - don’t need live organisms – toxin in food will cause botulism
91
Diseases caused by Clostridium difficile
``` In 5% of people: normal flora Pseudomembranous colitis (caused by clindamycin wiping out "probiotics") ```
92
Clostridium difficile treatment
Stop clindamycin, use metronidazole/vancomycin
93
Clostridium difficile metabolism
Obligate Anaerobe (makes sense, in gut)
94
Nocardia metabolism
Aerobe
95
Diseases caused by Nocardia
1. Immunocompromised at risk for bronchopulmonary disease & cutaneous infection (ubiquitous) 2. Dental: Nocardia in gingival pockets w/ Actinomyces, role unknown
96
Nocardia treatment
Wound care, sulfonamide
97
Where is Lactobacillus found?
Human mouth, GI & GU tract
98
Lactobacillus metabolism
Air tolerant anaerobe
99
Lactobacillus virulence factors
Acidogenic/Acidouric
100
Diseases caused by Lactobacillus
Dental Caries: acidogenic and acidouric | pit and fissure caries, often late colonizer (after S. mutans)
101
Actinomycetes metabolism
Facultative or strict anaerobe
102
Actinomycetes pathogenicity
Opportunistic pathogen, often part of normal flora
103
Diseases caused by Actinomycetes israelii
Post-Cranio Facial surgical actinomycosisi in jaw, hyphae seen Caries at enamel/dentin surface Sulfur granules
104
Actinomycetes israelii treatment
Removing infected tissue, penicilin
105
Mycobacterium gram stain
ACID FAST (sometimes weakly +)
106
Mycobacterium metabolism
Aerobic (makes sense, think lungs)
107
Mycobacterium toxins
few if any
108
Diseases caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis: Damage is from YOUR immune response, forming granulomas. Primary infection: droplet/aerosolized transmission taken up by macrophage. Ghon’s complex formed, inflammation --> wbc/tissue destruction Secondary infection: reactivation of infection - pulmonary TB or miliary TB (spreading), granulomas, inflammation, chronic fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough
109
Treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Prevent w/ BCG vaccine Treatment is difficult & long term Rifamycins – inhibit transcription – liver damage Isoniazid – cell wall synthesis inhibitor – mycolic acid – liver toxicity Pyrazinamide – unclear mode
110
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
``` PPD test (aka Mantoux test). Newer Quantiferon-TB gold blood test ```
111
Mycobacterium leprae mode of pathogenicity
intracellular (cell mediated immunity needed)
112
Diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy 1. Lepromatous leprosy – most severe (Hansen’s disease) - Highly infectious - Lack of CMI - Skin destruction - Takes at least a year of treatment 2. Tuberculoid leprosy –milder form - Hypopigmented skin lesions - Nerve damage - Low infectivity
113
Disease caused by Mycobacterium avium
Pulmonary disease or disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals
114
Treatment for Mycobacterium avium
Prophylaxis in HIV patients – azithromycin | Treat infections with rifampin or isoniazid

Micro Gram + (1 decks)

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