Micro & Macro Evolution(ch.23&24)

Question 1

What is microevolution?

Answer 1

Change in allele frequency

Question 2

What is macroevolution ?

Answer 2

Dramatic change of entire species.

Question 3

Define: average heterozygosity

Answer 3

The average percent of loci that heterozygous

2 alleles: identical or different

Question 4

Define: point mutation

Answer 4

Change in one base of gene

Think back to genetics and about problems in DNA codes

Question 5

Which 3 of chromosomal mutations are harmful?

Answer 5

Delete, distrust, rearrange,

Question 6

Are mutation rates higher in plants or animals?

Answer 6

Trick question neither highest inviruses

Question 7

What are the different ways to have genetic vacation?

Answer 7

Altering Gene number or position, rapid reproduction, sexual reproduction

Question 8

Sexual reproduction and genetic variation

Answer 8

Shuttles alleles

Question 9

Factors that alter gene frequency?

Answer 9

① mutation
② Gene flow
③ non-random mating (sexual selction)
④ genetic drift
⑤ Natural selection

Question 10

What are the 5 conditions for non-evolving populations? (Hardy weinburg)

Answer 10

① No mutations
② random mating
③ No natural selection
④ large population
⑤ No gene flow

Question 11

Define: gene flow

Answer 11

Movement in or out

Question 12

2 types of genetic drift

Answer 12

① founder

② bottleneck

Question 13

What is founder effect?

Answer 13

Small number of individuals start New population

Question 14

Bottleneck effect?

Answer 14

Loss in population

Question 15

What are the 3 types of natural selection?

Answer 15

Directional, disruptive, stabilizing

Question 16

Describe: sexual selection

Answer 16

Evolutionary change of second generation as parent give advantages to children

Question 17

Describe: neutral variation

Answer 17

Additional variation can be painted by diploid & balancing selection

Question 18

Define: species

Answer 18

Group have potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 19

What is one way to prevent species

Answer 19

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

Question 20

What are the 2 types of reproductive barriers?

Answer 20

Prezygotic & postzygotic

Question 21

2 types of prezygotic?

Answer 21

Prevention of mating & fertilization

Question 22

3 types of prevention of mating prezygotic

Answer 22

① ecological
2 temporal
③ behavioral

Question 23

Describe each of the following; ecological, temporal, behavioral isolation

Answer 23

Ecological: diff. Habitats
Temporal: reproduce cycles at diff-times
Behavioral: mating rituals

Question 24

3 post zygotic mechanisms

Answer 24

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Question 25

Define: reduced hybrid viability

Answer 25

Hybrid zygote fail to develop to sexual maturity

Question 26

Define: reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 26

Cannot produce gametes

Question 27

Define: hybrid breakdown

Answer 27

Offspring are sterile

Question 28

What are the 2 ways speciation occurs?

Answer 28

① allopathic | ② symmetric

Question 29

Describe: allopathic speciation

Answer 29

Caused by geographic barrier

Question 30

Describe: symmetric speciation

Answer 30

Not geographical but chromosomal | Polyploidy & diploid

Question 31

What are 3 causes of simpatico speciation?

Answer 31

Polyploidy, habitat differentiation, sexual selection

Question 32

Describe: polyploidy

Answer 32

2 types: auto & allo Auto: more than 2 chromosome sets allo: species form hybrid

Question 33

Define hybrid zone

Answer 33

Region with 2 diff species

Question 34

How canned assess time between speciation events?

Answer 34

Fossil record

Question 35

Describe: punctuated pattern

Answer 35

New species change into parents and then change very little