MICROANATOMY

Question 1

What is the central part of the neuron?

Answer 1

Cell Body (Soma)

Question 2

What is a long, slender projection of the neuron?

Answer 2

Axon

Question 3

What are the shorter, branched projections of the neuron?

Answer 3

Dendrites

Question 4

How can neurons be classified based on the total number of projections?

Answer 4

By the number of projections (or neurites)

Question 5

How are neurons with multiple dendrites and a single axon classified?

Answer 5

Multipolar

Question 6

How are neurons with multiple axons classified?

Answer 6

Bipolar

Question 7

What are the two categories of dendritic structure used for classification?

Answer 7

Stellate and Pyramidal

Question 8

How can neurons be classified based on the length of their axons?

Answer 8

Neurons can be classified into Golgi type I and Golgi type II based on axon length.

Question 9

Describe the axon length of Golgi type I neurons.

Answer 9

Golgi type I neurons have long axons that can extend considerable distances.

Question 10

Describe the axon length of Golgi type II neurons.

Answer 10

Golgi type II neurons have shorter axons compared to Golgi type I neurons.

Question 11

How can neurons be classified based on their connections in the nervous system?

Answer 11

Neurons can be classified as sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons based on their connections.

Question 12

What do sensory neurons do?

Answer 12

Sensory neurons transmit signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system.

Question 13

What do motor neurons do?

Answer 13

Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

Question 14

What do interneurons do?

Answer 14

Interneurons facilitate communication between other neurons.

Question 15

How can neurons be classified based on gene expression?

Answer 15

Neurons can be classified based on the neurotransmitters they produce, which is influenced by gene expression.

Question 16

What are the “support cells” within the nervous system?

Answer 16

Glial cells

Question 17

How many categories can glial cells be classified into?

Answer 17

Four

Question 18

Name the categories of glial cells.

Answer 18

• OLIGODENDROCYTES/SCHWANN CELLS - ASTROCYTES - MICROGLIA - EPENDYMAL CELLS

Question 19

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 19

They regulate the extracellular environment of the brain.

Question 20

What is the most numerous type of glial cell within the human brain?

Answer 20

Astrocytes

Question 21

What are the functions of microglia?

Answer 21

• Phagocytosis of neuronal and glial debris - Synaptic connection remodeling - Directing neuronal migration during brain development

Question 22

What type of glial cell are microglia?

Answer 22

Phagocytes

Question 23

Where are ependymal cells found?

Answer 23

They provide the lining of the ventricular system of both the brain and spinal cord.

Question 24

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

Answer 24

• Osmotic regulation of cerebrospinal fluid - Flow of cerebrospinal fluid - Directing cell migration during brain development

Question 25

What neurological condition is linked with deficits in ependymal cell function?

Answer 25

Hydrocephalus

Question 26

What do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells provide to neurons?

Answer 26

Myelin - a membranous sheath around axons

Question 27

How many axons does one oligodendrocyte contribute myelin to?

Answer 27

Several

Question 28

How many axons does one Schwann cell myelinate?

Answer 28

Only a single axon

Question 29

Where are oligodendrocytes situated?

Answer 29

In the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 30

Where are Schwann cells situated?

Answer 30

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 31

What are the components of a prototypical neuron?

Answer 31

I. CELL BODY (SOMA), II. AXON, III. DENDRITES

Question 32

What organelles are found in the cell body (soma) of a neuron?

Answer 32

- Nucleus - Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - Golgi apparatus - Mitochondrion

Question 33

What is the neuronal cytoskeleton composed of?

Answer 33

Microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments

Question 34

What is the function of microtubules in neurons?

Answer 34

They are important in axoplasmic transport

Question 35

What is the function of microfilaments in neurons?

Answer 35

They are particularly abundant in axons and dendrites

Question 36

What is the function of neurofilaments in neurons?

Answer 36

They are important in regulating axonal shape and are a promising biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders

Question 37

What are the regions of axons?

Answer 37

Axon hillock, Axon 'proper', Axon terminal

Question 38

What is myelin?

Answer 38

A membranous sheath that wraps around and insulates axons

Question 39

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 39

Gaps in the myelin sheath that are highly enriched in voltage-gated Na+ ion channels

Question 40

What are dendrites responsible for?

Answer 40

Receiving synaptic inputs from other neurons

Question 41

What are dendritic spines?

Answer 41

Small sacs of membrane that protrude from dendrites to receive synaptic input

Question 42

What is the sensitivity of dendritic spine structure related to?

Answer 42

Type and amount of synaptic activity

Question 43

What conditions have been associated with abnormal dendritic spine number?

Answer 43

Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia