Microanatomy and muscles of pharynx and larynx Flashcards
(38 cards)
Obstructive lung disease affect?
Parenchyma - airways involved in gas transfer: alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchiole
Restrictive (interstitial) lung diseases affect?
Interstitium - support tissues that surround parenchyma
The space between 2 adjacent alveoli basal laminae
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchi (no alveoli) -> terminal bronchioles (no alveoli) -> respiratory bronchioles ( alveoli in wall) -> alveolar ducts (walls made of alveoli) -> alveoli
Pneumothorax
Air in pleural space
Pleural effusion
fluid in pleural space
Fluid leaking from lymphatics ( heart failure, pulmonary emboli, tumors, and infections) can cause pleural effusion
Hemothorax
blood
Hydrothorax
excess serous fluid
Chylothorax
lymph from abdomen
Pyothorax
pus
Inferior border of lung
anterior 6th costal cartilage
lateral 8th rib
Posterior 10th rib
Thoracocentesis
how to treat pleural effusion Insertions: Anterior 6-8th rib Lateral 8-10th rib Posterior 10-12 rib
Line of pleural reflection
anterior 8th costal cartilage
Lateral 10th rib
Posterior 12th rib
Alveoli
Type I pneumocytes (flat squamous epithelial cells)
Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal epithelial cells)
Dust cells/ alveolar macrophages
Alveolar ducts
Simple squamous epithelial cells
No ciliated cubodial or club cells
Last place smooth muscle is seen
Alveolar macrophage
phagocytic cells that remove debris from alveolar spaces
Migrate into lumen and are swept up to the oropharynx to be expectorated or swallowed
Interalveolar Septa
Blood-gas barrier separates alveoli
Surfactant lines surface of lumen
Alveolar epithelium formed by type I and type II pneumocytes
Shared basal lamina
Capillary endothelium
Type I pneumocytes
Flattened and encourage gas exchange between the lumen and capillary walls in alveoli
Comprise 95% of alveolar surface
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory epithelium replaced by cuboidal ciliated cells as terminal bronchiole become narrower
Club cells present (secrete immune molecules and surfactant like substances to protect the airways)
No glands in submucosa
No cartilage
Located near pulmonary artery
Respiratory Bronchiole
Ciliated cubiodal cells and club cells
smooth muscle
Alveoli budding off of respiratory bronchioles
Asthma
Excessive constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle causing difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation
Cystic Fibrosis
A mutation if an ion pump (CTFR) results in a defiency of Cl ions and therefore water. Airways become block by this thickened mucous
Trachea and Bronchi
Respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis (smooth muscle and blood vessels)
Have submucosa with simple cuboidal epithelial cells, cartilage (C-shaped and cartilage plates)
Smooth muscle present but more prominent in bronchi
Has adventitia
Trachealis muscle
Cricothyroid
Tense vocal fold
Raise pitch
Innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal n
Thyroarytenoid
relax vocal fold
Innervated: inferior laryngeal n
