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General Microbiology and Parasitology (Lecture) > MICROBE-HUMAN INTERACTIONS: INFECTIONS & DISEASE > Flashcards

MICROBE-HUMAN INTERACTIONS: INFECTIONS & DISEASE Flashcards

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1
Q

Recall _____Postulates (experimental steps to establish the microbe that cause a disease)

A

Koch’s

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2
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Isolate a pathogen from a diseased host & grow pathogen in pure culture
  2. Inoculate a healthy organism with the cultured pathogen
  3. Organism must get the same disease
  4. Isolate the same pathogen from the new host
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3
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Microbes that can’t be grown on artificial media
  2. More than one microbe produces the same disease
  3. One microbe that causes multiple diseases
  4. Strictly human disease with no animal model
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4
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of Microbes that can’t be grown on artificial media

A

: Viruses, Rickettsia, Treponema

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5
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of More than one microbe produces the same disease

A

: Pneumonia, Meningitis

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6
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of One microbe that causes multiple diseases

A

: Streptococcus pyogenes (causes Strep throat and Scarlet Fever)

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7
Q

(Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates) Examples of Strictly human disease with no animal model

A

: Rubella (German measles), Smallpox

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8
Q

microbes that normally live in/on the body without harm

A

Normal Flora

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9
Q

_______ (always there) vs ________ Flora (only present for a short time or on and off)

A

Resident vs Transient

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10
Q

Establishment of Normal Flora =

A

Colonization

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11
Q

Newborns are free from flora, but established as infants are exposed to organisms from

A

vagina, air, food, etc.

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12
Q

Newborns are free from flora, but established as infants are exposed to organisms from (true or false)

A

True

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13
Q

Colonization is a _____ due to physiological conditions in the body such as pH, temperature, O2, nutrients, etc.

A

selective process

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14
Q

physiological conditions in the body that makes Colonization a selective process

A

pH, temperature, O2, nutrients, etc.

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15
Q

Time it takes to fully establish normal flora in a newborn

A

12-18 months

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16
Q

different organisms living together

A

Symbioses

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17
Q

(Symbioses) Both partners benefit

A

Mutualism

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18
Q

(Symbioses) one partner benefits, other is neutral

A

Commensalism

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19
Q

(Symbioses) one partner benefits while the other is harmed)

A

Parasitism

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20
Q

E.coli: produces vitamins K and some B, and ______ (chemicals that ward off harmful species)

A

bacteriocins

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21
Q

Skin organisms live off _________/__________cells

A

secretions/sloughed

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22
Q

__________ organisms (organisms that are usually non-pathogenic, but that can become pathogenic under certain conditions)

A

Opportunistic

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23
Q

conditions that make opportunistic organisms pathogenic

A
  1. When host health is compromised
  2. When there is a reduction of normal flora
  3. If an organisms gets in a different habitat
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24
Q

(Opportunistic organisms) E. coli from the gut to the ______ (different habitat)

A

urinary tract

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25
(Opportunistic organisms) Klebsiella pneumoniae from gut to the ______ (different habitat)
respiratory tract
26
disease development
Pathogenesis
27
Production of disease is actually a ________
process of steps
28
Process of steps of the production of disease
1. Transmission to a susceptible host 2. Adherence to appropriate target tissues 3. Invasion 4. Colonization 5. Damage to host while evading defenses 6. Exit from body 7. Survival outside long enough to be transmitted to another host
29
Transmission must be to the correct "________"
portal of entry
30
Portals of entry
1. typically to exposed surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes 2. entry aided by bites, cuts, abrasions, punctures etc.
31
Portals of entry for the Gastrointestinal tract
via food, water
32
Portals of entry for the Respiratory tract
via air
33
Portals of entry for the Urogenital tract
most are STDs or misplaced opportunists
34
minimum number of microbes necessary to insure infection
Infectious dose
35
Infectious dose of Shigella
10-100 microbes
36
Infectious dose of Salmonella
1,000,000 microbes
37
projections of microbe that match host receptors
Ligands
38
lower concentrations, more likely to invade successfully (true or false)
false
39
presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
40
presence of viruses in the blood
Viremia
41
Colonization stage is when conditions are such that invading microbes are successful enough to _________
reproduce
42
blood infection where bacteria are reproducing
Septicemia
43
Evade host defenses mainly by avoiding ______
phagocytosis
44
What is common about these three (Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria) that helps them avoid phagocytosis
Capsules
45
__________ are substances that are toxic to WBCS
Leukocidins
46
____________ breaks down H2O2 produced by phagocytes, preventing digestion of the engulfed microbe
Catalase
47
poisonous substances
Toxins
48
soluble proteins secreted (botulism, tetanus)
Exo-toxins
49
cause lysis of RBCs
Hemolysins
50
cell wall components released when cell dies, toxic to host
Endo-toxins
51
Endo-toxins in gram negative cell walls
lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative cell walls
52
lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative cell walls can lead to _______
Septic shock
53
(Evade stage) these act on host cells/tissues
Exoenzymes
54
_______ activates prothrombin to coagulate fibrinogen in plasma, forming a fibrin clot that "hides" the microbe from phagocytosis
Coagulase
55
Coagulase activates prothrombin to coagulate fibrinogen in plasma, forming _____________ that "hides" the microbe from phagocytosis
a fibrin clot
56
Coagulase activates ________ to coagulate _______ in plasma, forming a fibrin clot that "hides" the microbe from phagocytosis
prothrombin / fibrinogen
57
breaks down blood clots in order to spread
Fibrinase
58
Fibrinase breaks down _____ in order to spread
blood clots
59
__________ "spreading factor" breaks down hyaluronic acid (loose connective tissue), allowing organism to invade tissues
Hyaluronidase
60
Hyaluronidase "spreading factor" breaks down __________ , allowing organism to invade tissues
hyaluronic acid (loose connective tissue)
61
effects of Hyaluronidase
- Late stage necrosis of epidermis, subcutaneous layers, fascia, and musculature of upper lateral leg. -Necrosed peripheral nervous tissue results in no perception of pain at wound site
62
period between infection and 1st signs/symptoms. Depends on dose of microbes, which microbes, virulence, host health
Incubation period
63
Incubation period of typhoid fever
10-14 days
64
Incubation period of AIDS
10 years
65
period of 1-2 days follows incubation in some diseases
Prodromal period
66
a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify.
malaise
67
period when the disease is acute and Death most likely
Illness period
68
Common symptoms of Illness period
1. Chills / Fever 2.↑ numbers of Leukocytes (>10,000/ml) 3. swollen lymph nodes 4. Nausea/diarrhea 5. Rashes/lesions 6. severe pain
69
_______ period (1-few days) when signs/symptoms are subsiding BUT most susceptible to secondary, _________ infections ______ period needed to regain strength
Decline, Opportunistic, Convalescent
70
(Disease Terminology) ______ infection - limited to point of entry (ex: boil, wart
Local
71
(Disease Terminology) _______ infection - spreads to a new location (ex: rabies, Hepatitis A, tonsillitis, appendicitis)
Focal
72
(Disease Terminology) _____ infection that spreads to several sites and the blood (ex: Tooth abscess, measles, chicken pox, syphilis)
Systemic
73
(Disease Terminology) _____ diseases develop fast but for a short duration (ex: influenza, cold)
Acute
74
(Disease Terminology) ______ diseases develop slow but for a long duration (ex: TB leprosy)
Chronic
75
(Disease Terminology) _______ diseases may be inactive for long periods of time (ex: Cold sores Genital herpes)
Latent
76
(Disease Terminology) identification of a disease
Diagnosis
77
(Disease Terminology) _______ of a disease are subjective changes in body function (ex: aches, pains, malaise, sore throat)
Symptoms
78
(Disease Terminology) _________ of a disease are objective (measurable) changes (ex: fever, rash, lesions, edema, inflammation
Signs
79
A ______ is a group of symptoms/signs characteristic of a certain disease.
Syndrome
80
Rubella syndrome is an example of a (Syndrome, Subclinical infection)
81
A ______ is asymptomatic, but patient is still infectious (more common in children)
Subclinical infection
82
Means of Exit
1. Sneeze/ Cough 2. Diarrhea 3. Pus/Blood 4. Insect bites 5. Sex!
83
4 Varying durations and ways can microbes Survival outside
1. Some can also live in the environment 2. Some are hardy and can survive for as long as several weeks before a new host comes along 3. Some hang out in animal reservoirs 4. Some require direct contact because they are fragile
84
Pathogenesis depends on many ______
factors
85
Factors of Pathogenesis
1. Genetics, both species and individual 2. state of host health 3. age (Infants & Elderly have less capable immune systems) 4. Stress (causes ↑ corticosteroids that are immunosuppressive)
86
Rubella syndrome consists of
microcephaly (a condition where a baby's head is much smaller than expected), PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus , a medical condition in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth: this allows a portion of oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs from the aorta), Cataracts (a cloudy area in the lens of your eye)

General Microbiology and Parasitology (Lecture) (3 decks)

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