Microbes in Oral Health and Disease

Question 1

when relationship moves mutualism > commensalism > parasitism what happens?

Answer 1

the infectious disease process begins

Question 2

when relationship moves parasitism > commensalism > mutualism what happens?

Answer 2

reestablishment of healthy host occurs

Question 3

what promotes the balance of disease in our favour?

Answer 3

immune system
vaccines
antimicrobial agents

Question 4

in the balance of disease what are the cons?

Answer 4

immuno-suppression
virulence factors
resistance

Question 5

what are the main contributors to oral health?

Answer 5

• integrity of oral mucosa
• lymphoid tissue
• saliva
• gingival crevicular fluid
• humoral and cellular immunity

Question 6

how does saliva act as a mechanical cleanser?

Answer 6

muscular movements, in conjunction with saliva, maintain hygiene in accessible areas of mouth.
swallowed microbes are inactivated in the mouth

Question 7

what is the innate host immune system?

Answer 7

• barriers
• non specific cellular
• inflammation

Question 8

what is the acquired host immune system?

Answer 8

• specific
• memory
• t and B cells

Question 9

what is the acquired host immune system?

Answer 9

• specific
• memory
• t and B cells

Question 10

what is the stages of a parasites lifecycle?

Answer 10

parasite
enters/attaches to host
consolidation/multiplication of host
causes harm
release from host
dissemination and transmission

Question 11

what contributes to the antimicrobial actions of saliva?

Answer 11

mechanical cleanser
lysozyme
peroxidase
lactoferrin
leucocytes
secretory IgA

Question 12

what is the ubiquitous feature of bacteria?

Answer 12

can live in multiple environments

Question 13

what is the diverse feature of bacteria?

Answer 13

varies in shapes, sizes and characteristics

Question 14

what is the adaptive feature of bacteria?

Answer 14

evolve quickly (can divide in 20 mins and mature)

Question 15

what are the main virulence factors?

Answer 15

motility > flagella
adhesion > pili/fimbriae
colonisation > extra polymeric material
invasion > enzymes/toxins
spread > immune evasion

Question 16

how many microorganisms are in a ml of saliva?

Answer 16

10^8

Question 17

how do pilli help bacteria?

Answer 17

they stick and make it difficult to remove

Question 18

how many cultivable bacterial species are there?

Answer 18

350

Question 19

what do alterations in microbial flora cause?

Answer 19

diease

Question 20

what do aerobes do in the oral enviroment?

Answer 20

use up all the oxygen that all for bacteria that like CO2 to grow

Question 21

what are the factors that lead to dental caries?

Answer 21

saliva
plaque microorganisms
teeth
diet
time

Question 22

what is marginal gingivitis?

Answer 22

gingivitis around where the tooth meets the gum

Question 23

what is hyper plastic gingivitis?

Answer 23

proliferative response to plaque
- all around the gums

Question 24

what is an endodontic infection?

Answer 24

infections to pulp generally secondary to tooth infections/ trauma

Question 25

where are endodontic infections derived from?

Answer 25

endogenous microflora

Question 26

what is another name for a root canal infection?

Answer 26

endodontic infection

Question 27

what prevents an endodontic infection?

Answer 27

intact enamel and dentine protect the pulp

Question 28

*'what are purulent infections?

Answer 28

abscesses with pus forming and intra/extra oral swelling - deadly as can lead to sepsis

Question 29

what causes a purulent infections?

Answer 29

usually comes from a root canal infection

Question 30

what do you do in a case of extra oral swelling?

Answer 30

drain the abscess to remove the site of infection then sent to a medial professional

Question 31

what is haematogenous spread?

Answer 31

bacteria into blood steam > - cardiovascular - prosthetic joints - dissemination - toxic shock

Question 32

what is the visible symptom of pseudomembranous candidiasis?

Answer 32

non-adherent white plaque growing on the mucosa

Question 33

what is candid leukoplakia?

Answer 33

- grows into the mucosa usually seen in smokers adherent speckled white plaque PREMALIGNANT

Question 34

what is denture stomatitis?

Answer 34

- seen in patients with dentures due to them not being removed for long periods of time causing bacteria to grow on upper palate

Question 35

what generally causes oral diseases?

Answer 35

polymicrobial communitie - biofilms